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ARMY AND NAVY 
INFORMATION 



PLATE I 



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XL 



11 



United States Ar:my Flags and Signals 



9. 

10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 



16. 



17. 



Field Army Headquarters. 

Lantern Used at Night. 

Infantry Division Headquar- 
ters. 

Cavalry Division Headquar- 
ters. 

Infantry Brigade Headquar- 
ters. Division number 
above, Brigade number be- 
low. 

Cavalry Brigade Headquar- 
ters. Division number 
above, Brigade number be- 
low. 

Artillery Brigade Headquar- 
ters. 

Quartermaster Corps and 
Supply Train. 

Ammunition Trains and Dis- 
tribution Points. 

Field Hospital. 

Lantern Used at Night. 

Lieutenant-General's Flag. 

Major-General's Flag. 

Brigadier-General's Flag. 

Hospital Train. Field Am- 
bulance, Regimental Hospi- 
tal, Dressing Station. 

Cavalry Guidon. Regimental 
nunJjer above. Troop letter 
below. 

Artillery Guidon. Regimen- 
tal number above. Battery 
letter below. 



18. Signal Corps Guidon. Corps 

designation above, Battal- 
ion number below. 

19. Ambulance Company Guidon. 
Company Marking Flags. Used 

to locate the companies in 
Infantry Regiments. The 
First Battalion has a red 
field, the Second a white 
field, and the Third a blue 
field. 

Company A. 

Company B. 

Company C. 

Company D. 

Company E. 

Company F. 

Company G. 

Company H. 

Company I. 

Company K. 

Compan}^ L. 

Company M. 

Signal Flag. 
wag signals. 

Signal Flag. 
wag signals. 

Signal Flag". 
wag signals. 

Field Telegraph, or Tele- 
phone. 

Field Post Office. 

Signal Flag. Used for sema- 
phore signals. 



20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 
37. 



Used for wig- 
Used for wig- 
Used for ivig- 



m 



PLATE II 




4 



8 




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24 



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42 



Details of Uniforms, United States Army 

Colors of Branches of the Service. 2. Cavalry. 
Shown on shoulder-straps, 3. Infantry. 
facings, etc. 4. Artillery. 

1. General Officers. 5. Enoineers.- 



IV 



6. Adjutant-GeneraPs Depart- 

ment. 

7. Quartermaster Corps. 

8. Inspector-General's Depart- 

ment. 

9. Judge Advocate General's 

Department. 

10. Signal Corps. 

11. Ordnance Department. 

12. Medical Department. 

13. Service Schools Detach- 

ments. 
Trouser Stripes for Officers. 

14. General's Full Dress. 

15. Adjutant-General's Depart- 

ment, Inspector-Genei'al's 
Department, Judge-Advo- 
cate General's Department, 
Medical Department Full 
Dress. 

16. All Other Officers. Stripe 

color of branch of service, 
except Infantry which uses 
white. 
Trouser Stripes of Enlisted 
Men. 

Stripes color of branch of 
service, except Infantry 
ivhich uses white. 

17. Sergeant. 

18. Corporal. 

19. Musician. 
Collars for Officers. 

20. General's Full Dress. 

21. All Other Officers' Full 

Dress. Field color of 
branch of service. 

22. All Officers' Dress. Device 

showing branch of service. 

23. All Officers' Service. Device 

showing branch of service. 



24. All Officers' White. Device 

shoiving branch of service. 
Saber Knots. 

25. General's Full Dress and 

Dress. 

26. All Other Officers' Full Dress 

and Dress. 

27. All Officers' Service. 

28. Enlisted Men. 

Shoulder Straps for All Officers. 

29. Dress. Field color of branch 

of service. For insignia of 
rank see PLATE XII. 

30. Service. For insignia of 

rank see PLATE XII. 

31. White. For insignia of rank 

see PLATE XII. 
Collars for Enlisted Men. 

32. Full Dress. Device and pip- 

ing of branch of service. 

33. Service. Button shows 

branch of service. 

34. White. Device shows branch 

of service. 
Buttons. 

35. Overcoat All Officers. 

36. Full Dress and Dress Gen- 

erals. Full Dress All 
Other Officers and Enlisted 
Men Except the Engineer 
Corps. 

37. As Above, Small Size. 

38. Service All Officers and En- 

listed Men. 

39. Service Right Side of Collar 

Enlisted Men. 

40. Service Left Side of Collar 

Enlisted Men. Device 
shows branch of service. 

41. Full Dress Engineer Corps. 

42. Overcoat Enlisted Men. 



PLATE III 



NAVAL FLAGS AND S/GNALS 




^^^pF \p3 



VI 



United States Naval Flags and Signals 



Secretary of War. 

President. 

Secretary of the Navy. 

Naval Jack. Flown at how 
of vessel. 

Admiral. 

Viee-Admiral. 

Rear- Admiral. 

Flag Carried by Naval Land- 
ing Parties. 

Naval Pennant. 

Naval Militia. 

Commanding Officer De- 
stroyer Flotilla. 



12. Commanding Officer De- 

stroyer Division. 

13. Commanding Officer Sub- 

marine Flotilla. 

14. Commanding Officer Sub- 

marine Division. 

15. Flag for Wig-wag Signals. 

16. Quarantine Flag. 

17. Revenue Service. 

18. Guard and Dispatch Ship, 

19. Flag for Wig-wag Signals, 

20. Lighthouse Service. 

21. Church Pennant. 

22. Meal Pennant. 

23. Flag for Semaphore Signals. 



vu 



PLATE V 




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43 




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Details of Uniforms, Flags and Decorations, Foreign Armies 



Colors of Field Service Uniforms. 

1. British. 

2. French. 

3. French Colonial Troops. 

4. Russian. 



Id. 



Italian. 



6. Belgian. 

7. German. 

8. Austrian. 

9. Cap of Bi-itish General or 

Staff Officer. Generally re- 
ferred to in the service as 
a "hrass-hat." 
Collar Patches, British Officers. 

10. General Officers, 

11. Headquarters Staff. 

12. Staff. 

13. Departmental Officers. 

War Decorations of European 
Armies. A hit of the rib- 
bon from lohicli it is sus- 
pended is worn on the serv- 
ice uniform instead of the 
decoration. 

14. Legion of Honor, France. 

15. Military Medal, France. 

16. War Cross, France. 

17. Victoria Cross, British. 

18. Military Cross, British. 

19. Distinguished Service Order, 

British. 

20. Distinguished Service Medal, 

British. 

21. Order of Leopold, Belgium. 

22. Order of St. George, Russia. 

23. Military Medal, Italy. 

24. Iron Cross, Germany. 

25. Military Cross, Austria. 



Designation Flags, French. 

26. Commanding General, Army 

Corps. 

27. Connnander First Infantry 

Division, Army Corps. 

28. Commander Second Infantry 

Division, Army Corps. 

29. Commander Third Infantry 

Division, Army Corps. 

30. Commander Cavalry Divi- 

sion. 

31. Commander Artillery Corps, 

or Division. 

32. Commander Cavalry Brigade. 

33. Commander Artillery Bri- 

gade. 

34. Infantry Regiment, First 

Battalion. 

35. Infantry Regiment, Second 

Battalion. 

36. Infantiy Regiment, Third 

Battalion. 

37. Infantry Regiment, Fourth 

Battalion. 

38. Rifle Battalion. 

39. Lance Pennant. 

40. Field Cap, German Officer. 

Enlisted men wear the 
same cap without the visor. 
Color of band indicates reg- 
iment, ujoper button Ger- 
man Empire, lower button 
Kingdom to which organ- 
ization belongs. 
Cap Buttons. 

41. Prussia. 

42. Bavaria. 

43. Saxony. 

44. Wurtemburg. 



XI 



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Xll 



ARMY AND NAVY 
INFORMATION 

UNIFORMS, ORGANIZATION, 

ARMS AND EQUIPMENT 

OF THE WARRING POWERS 

BY 

MAJOR DE WITT CLINTON FALLS, N. G. N. Y. 



ILLUSTRATED BY SLY COLOR PLATES 

AND THIRTY LINE CUTS 

BY THE AUTHOR 



NEW YORK 
E. P. BUTTON & COMPANY 

681 FIFTH AVENUE 






COPYRIGHT, 1917, 
Bv E. P. DUTTON & CO. 






NOV -I 1317 
©CI.A47e868 



TO THE OFFICERS AND MEN 

OF THE 

UNITED SERVICES 



FOREWORD 

In preparing this little book the author has tried to 
present certain important information concerning the 
Military and Naval services in so simple a form that it 
can be readily understood by the lay reader. Also to 
present to the soldier or sailor technical information re- 
garding such matters as organization, uniforms, insig- 
nias, etc., in such a manner as to make the book an ex- 
tremely useful work of reference to the young men of 
this country who are to enter into military life and wish 
to acquire a general knowledge of this new profession. 
For those who are to serve abroad the details of the uni- 
forms and other information in regard to the Armies 
and Navies with which they may come in contact, will 
give them a better understanding of their companions- 
at-arms. 

Every effort has been made to have the details as cor- 
rect as possible and every available reference has been 
consulted, but with the rapid march of events in these 
stirring times changes are bound to be made at any time 
in organizations, uniforms, armaments, etc., in order to 
adapt them to the changing conditions. It is believed, 
however, that these changes will only be in details, and 
it is hoped that the reader will make due allowances for 

xvii 



xviii FOKEWOED 

what may appear as minor errors when the book reaches 
the public, but which were correct on going to press. 

The main features, however, will remain the same, and 
the author trusts that the book will serve its purpose of 
giving the reader in as concrete form as possible, certain 
information on matters in which the country is now in- 
terested. 

DeWitt Clinton Falls, 
Major, National Guard, 
New York. 
July 1, 1917. 



CONTENTS 

Foreword 

UNITED STATES 
ARMY 

Organization 


PAGE 

. xvii 
1 


Fighting Force 


3 


Strength 


23 


Selective Draft 


30 


Service 


33 


Instruction 


37 




39 


Aviation 


42 


Pay 


44 


Uniforms and Equipment 

Training Camps 


. 49 

58 


National Guard 


59 


Explanatory Notes c , . 


65 


Abbreviations 


80 


Army Slang 

NAVY 

Organization . , . . 

Strength 

Instruction 

Armament 


. 84 

. 87 

. 89 

. 94 

. 98 

102 

102 

104 



XIX 



XX CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Pay 107 

Uniforms and Equipment 115 

Naval Militia 118 

Explanatory Notes 121 

MARINE CORPS 

Organization 129 

Strength 132 

Pay 133 

Uniforms and Equipment 136 

NURSES CORPS 137 

FOREIGN ARMIES AND NAVIES 

Introduction 141 

Austria-Hungary 142 

Belgium 147 

Bulgaria 149 

France 150 

Germany 155 

Great Britain 160 

Italy 166 

Japan 167 

Montenegro 168 

Portugal 170 

roumania 171 

Russia , 172 

Serbia ..... o 176 

Turkey 177 

Explanatory Notes 178 

Foreign Medals and Decorations 182 

Map Signs 185 

Table of Foreign Money 186 

Index 187 



LIST OF PLATES 

COLOR 

PLATES PAGE 

■I. Flags and Signals, U. S. A. . . . . . ii 

•^11. Detail of Uniforms, U. S. A iv 

III. Flags and Signals, U. S. N vi 

" IV. Detail of Uniforms, U. S. N. and U. S. M. C. viii 

" V. Detail of Uniforms, Foreign Armies . . x 

' VI. U. S. Medals and Badges . . {Frontis) xii 

LINE 

VII. Uniforms — General Officers, U. S. A. . 5 

VIII. '' —Officers, U. S. A 9 

IX. " " " 13 

X. " — Enlisted Men, U. S. A. . . . 17 

XI. " " " " ... 21 

XII. Insignia, U. S. A 26 

XIII. '' " 28 

XIV. Chevrons and Arm Devices, U. S. A. . . 52 
XV. Small Arms and Shooting Decorations, U. 

S. A 56 

XVI. Field Equipment, Enlisted Men, U. S. A. . 60 

XVII. Uniforms — Officers, U. S. N. .... 93 

XVIII. " " " .... 97 

XIX '' —Enlisted Men, U. S. N. . . . 101 

xxi 



xxii LIST OF PLATES 

PLATES PAGE 

XX. Insignia, U. S. N 110 

XXI. " " AND U. S. M. C. . . . 112 

XXII. Uniforms — Officers, U. S. M. C. ... 131 

XXIII. " — Enlisted Men, U. S. M. C. . 135 

XXIV. " — Austria, Turkey, Bulgaria . . 143 
XXV. " — Belgium, Italy 145 

XXVI. Insignia, Belgium 146 

XXVII. Uniforms — France 151 

XXVIII. Insignia, France 152 

XXIX. " Germany, Austria 156 

XXX. Uniforms — Germany 159 

XXXI. " — Great Britain 161 

XXXII. Insignia, Great Britain 162 

XXXIII. Uniforms — Portugal, Montenegro, Japan . 169 

XXXIV. " — Serbia, Roumania, Russia . . 173 
XXXV. Insignia, Italy, Russia 174 

XXXVI. Map Signs, U. S. and Foreign .... 184 



AKMY 



ORGANIZATION 

The Army of the United States is commanded by the 
President as Commander-in-Chief by right of office, and 
he may nominate for the approval of Congress such gen- 
eral officers of the rank of General or Lieutenant-General 
as he may consider necessary to properly officer the 
higher commands. The administration is in charge of 
the War Department, presided over by the Secretary of 
War, who is a member of the President 's Official Cabinet. 
For administrative purposes the following divisions are 
made : 

General Staff Corps 
Prepares all plans for national defense, for mobiliza- 
tion of the forces and has general supervision of all 
questions affecting the efficiency of the army. In 
charge of the Chief of Staif. 

Adjutant General's Department 

Keeps all records and has charge of all correspond- 
ence, the issuing of orders, notices, bulletins and offi- 
cial literature. In charge of the Adjutant General. 

Inspector General's Department 

Exercises general supervision of all matters of the 
efficiency of the army — the conduct and discipline, con- 
dition of uniforms, equipments, supplies and expendi- 

1 



2 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

ture of public money. In charge of the Inspector Gen- 
eral. 
Judge Advocate's Department 

It is custodian of all legal records, and conducts all 
courts-martial, courts of inquiry and military commis- 
sions. In charge of the Judge Advocate General. 

Ordnance Department 

Supplies all arms, equipments, and other fighting ma- 
terial and maintains arsenals and depots for the manu- 
facture, distribution and safe-keeping of military 
stores. In charge of the Chief of Ordnance. 

Quartermaster Corps 

In charge of all matters of supply (other than ord- 
nance), transportation, distribution of funds and pay- 
ment of troops. In charge of Quartermaster General. 

Engineer Corps 
In charge of the construction and maintenance of all 
fortifications, military posts — lines of communication 
and rivers and harbors, as far as it is necessary for 
their use for military or naval purposes. In charge 
of Chief of Engineers. 

Coast Artillery Corps 
In charge of the garrisoning of all coast fortifications 
and coast and harbor defense, and siege work. Com- 
manded by Chief of Coast Artillery. 

Signal Corps 
In charge of all methods of communication by balloons, 
aeroplanes, radio wireless telegraph, telephones and 
visual signaling. Commanded by Chief Signal Officer. 



ARMY— FIGHTING FORCE 3 

Medical Department : Subdivided into — 

Medical Corps 

In charge of the sick and wounded, and physical and 
sanitary condition of the anny. When serving with 
troops, detachments are known as Sanitary Troops. 

Dental Corps 

In charge of the teeth. Department in charge of the 
Surgeon General. 

Bureau of Insutar Affairs 
In charge of all matters of a military nature and sup- 
plies that affect the colonies. In charge of Chief of 
Insular Affairs. 

Bureau of Militia Affairs 
Has all charge of the affairs of the National Guard. 
In charge of Chief of Militia Affairs. 



FIGHTING FORCE 

The organization of the fighting forces, starting with 
the smallest unit, is as follows: 

Squad 

1 Corporal as Squad Commander. 
7 Privates. 

Platoon 

1 First Tj'eutcnant, Second Lieutenant, or Sergeant, as 

Platoon Commander. 
3 Squads. 



4 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Line Company of Infantky 

1 Captain, Company Commander. 
1 First Lieutenant, Platoon Commander. 
1 Second Lieutenant, Platoon Commander. 
1 First Sergeant : In charge of all records, rolls, etc., 
and general assistant to the Company Com- 
mander. 
1 Supply Sergeant : In charge of all property and its 
issue. 

1 Mess Sergeant: In charge of all rations and their 

preparation. 
8 Sergeants: As guides and platoon commanders. 
17 Corporals. 

2 Cooks. 

1 Mechanic: In charge of the rifles, company wagon, 

harness, etc., and who is able to make necessary 
minor repairs. 

2 Buglers: Equipped with bugles and signal flags 

and proficient in their use. 
6 Platoons. 

Headquaktees Company, Infantry 
1 Captain, as Company Commander, who also acts as 
Regimental Adjutant, in charge of all administra- 
tive work. 

1 Regimental Sergeant-Major: Assists the Captain 

in his adjutant 's duties. 

2 Color Sergeants: Carry the colors and assist the 

Captain as he may direct. 
1 Drum Major: In charge of the military instruction 



PLATE VII. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES ARMY 




General Offi x.r.S; United States Army 

1. Full Dress Mounted. 3. Dress. Boots when mounted. 

2. Full Dress Dismounted, 



6 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

of the band, and also acts as first sergeant of the 
company. 
1 Band Leader : In charge of the musical instruction 

of the band. 
1 Assistant Band Leader. 
1 Sergeant Bugler* 

1 Supply Sergeant 1 (Detailed from band or mounted 
1 Mess Sergeant. J orderly section.) 
1 Stable Sergeant. 
1 Horseshoer. 
Band Section 

25 Bandsmen, regimental musici'ans, also drilled in 
first aid and litter drill as assistants to the Med- 
ical Department in action. 
Mounted Orderly Section 

4 First-class Privates, 12 Privates: Act as order- 
lies and scouts. Have charge of the officers' 
horses. 

Supply Company, Infantry 
1 Captain as Regimental Supply Officer. 
1 Second Lieutenant, as assistant. 
1 Saddler. 

Organization as prescribed for Line Company. 

Machine Gun Company, Infantry 
1 Captain as Commanding Officer. 

1 First Lieutenant. 

2 Second Lieutenants. 

Organized as prescribed for Line Company. 



ARMY— FIGHTING FORCE 7 

Teoop of Cavalry 
As prescribed for a Company of Infantry, with the fol- 
lowing additions: 

1 Guidon Sergeant, who carries the troop flag. 

2 Horseshoers. 
1 Saddler. 

Supply Troop of Cavalry 
As prescribed for a Troop — in addition: 
1 Stable Sergeant. 

Company Coast Artillery 
As prescribed for a line company of infantry, except 
certain privates, according to their duties are rated 
as follows : Casemate Electricians ; Observers, 1st 
class; Observers, 2d class; Plotters; Chief Plant- 
ers; Coxswains; Chief Loaders; Gun Command- 
ers ; Gun Pointers. 

Battery Field Artillery 

As prescribed for a line company of infantry. Pri- 
vates are sometimes called drivers and cannon- 
iers. In addition 1 Guidon Sergeant who carries 
the battery Hag. 

Pioneer Company Engineers 

As prescribed for a line company of infantry, except 
Sergeants are rated Sergeants 1st class and Ser- 
geants, according to their respective duties. 
Mounted companies have additional: 

1 Stable Sergeant, in charge of animals. 

1 Horseshoer. 

1 Saddler, in charge of harness and equipment. 



8 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Pontoon Company Engineers 

As prescribed for line company of infantry — in addi- 
tion : 
2 Saddlers : In charge of harness and equipment. 
2 Farriers : In charge of animals. 
2 Drivers : In charge of wagons. 

Signal Coeps: Field Company 
As prescribed for a line company of infantry, except 
Sergeants are designated Sergeants 1st class and 
Sergeants, according to their respective duties. 

Signal Corps: Radio Company 

1 Captain, as Commanding Officer. 

2 First Lieutenants. 

1 Master Electrician. 

6 Sergeants, first class. 
9 Sergeants. 

15 Corporals. 

2 Cooks. 

1 Horseshoer. 
9 Privates, first class. 
32 Privates. 

Signal Corps: Wire Company 

1 Captain, as Commanding Officer. 

2 First Lieutenants. 

1 Master Electrician. 

5 Sergeants, first class. 

7 Sergeants. 
12 Corporals. 

2 Cooks. 



PLATE VIII. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES ARMY 




Officers, United States Army 

1. Dress. Boots when mounted. 3. Special Evening Dress. 

2. Full Dress. Dismounted on- 

cers wear trousers. 



9 



10 AEMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION 

1 Horseshoer. 

10 Privates, first class. 
37 Privates. 

Signal Corps : Telegraph and Telephone Company 

1 Captain, as Commanding Officer. 

2 First Lieutenants. 

2 Master Electricians. 

7 Sergeants, first class. 

11 Sergeants. 
17 Corporals. 

2 Cooks. 

1 Horseshoer. 

12 Privates, first class. 
48 Privates. 

Signal Corps: Aero Company 
1 Captain as Commanding Officer. 

5 First Lieutenants. 

1 Master Electrician. 

2 First-class Sergeants. 
9 Corporals. 

2 Cooks. 
14 First-class Privates. 

6 Privates. 

Company Military Police 
As prescribed for troop of cavalry. 

Ambulance Company 

1 Surgeon, with rank of Captain, as Commanding Of- 
ficer. 



AEMY— FIGHTING FORCE 11 

4 Assistant Surgeons, with rank of Captain or First 
Lieutenants. 

Organization as prescribed for line company of infan- 
try, except Sergeants are designated Sergeants 
first class and Sergeants, according to their re- 
spective duties. In addition: 

1 Horseshoer. 

1 Saddler: In charge of harness and equipment. 

x\mmunition Tkain Section : Wagon Transportation 
1 Captain or Lieutenant, as Commanding Officer. 
1 Sergeant Wagonmaster. 
1 Clerk. 
4 Sergeants, Assistant Wagonmasters. 

1 Mess Sergeant. 

2 Sergeant Horseshoers. 
2 Sergeant Farriers. 

2 Sergeant Saddlers. 
1 Sergeant Mechanic. 

1 Sergeant Agent. 

2 Corporals, Assistant Wagonmasters. 

1 Corporal Agent. 

2 Cooks. 

60 Privates, first class, Teamsters. 
12 Privates, Laborers. 

Ammunition Train Section: Motor Transportation 
1 Captain, or Lieutenant, as Commanding Officer. 
1 Sergeant Truckmaster. 
1 Clerk. 

3 Sergeants, Assistant Truckmasters. 



12 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

1 Mess Sergeant. 

1 Sergeant Mechanic. 

1 Sergeant Agent. 

1 Corporal Agent. 

2 Cooks. 

33 Privates, first class, as Chauffeurs. 
2 Privates, first class, as Assistant Mechanics. 
9 Privates as Assistant Chauffeurs. 

Field Bakery 

1 Captain, or Lieutenant, as Commanding Officer. 
60 Men, rated as Cooks. 
12. bake ovens. 



Battalion of Infantry 

1 Major, Battalion Commander. 

1 First Lieutenant, Battalion Adjutant. 

1 Sergeant-Major, in charge of the battalion books and 

records. 
1 Mounted Orderly, detailed from the headquarters 

company. 
4 Line companies. 

Squadron of Cavalry 
As prescribed for Battalion of Infantry : 
4 Line troops. 

Battalion of Coast Artillery 

As prescribed for Battalion of Infantry: 
4 Line companies. 



PLATE IX. UNIFORMS-UNITED 8TATES 



ARMl 




Officers, United States Army 

1. Field Service. q n„^- 

2. Overcoat. ^- ^^™'"''- 



13 



14 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 



% 



Battalion of Field Artilleky 
As prescribed for Battalion of Infantry : 
4 Batteries. 

Battalion of Engineers 

As prescribed for Battalion of Infantry : 

4 Line companies. 
Battalion of Signal Corps: Field Battalion 

1 Major, as Commanding Officer. 

1 First Lieutenant, as Battalion Adjutant and Supply 
Officer. 

1 Sergeant, first class, as Sergeant-Ma j or. 

1 Color Sergeant, who carries the battalion guidon. 

4 Privates, as mounted orderlies. 

1 Private, as driver. 

2 Companies. 

Battalion Signal Corps: Aero Squadron 
1 Major, as Commanding Officer. 
12 Captains, or First Lieutenants, in command of Sec- 
tions. 
12 Aviators. 
4 Master Electricians. 
1 Supply Section, in charge of supplies. 
1 Engineering Section, in charge of mechanical work. 
12 Aero Sections. 



Regiment of Infantry 

1 Colonel, Regimental Commander. 

1 Lieutenant-Colonel: Second in command, whose 

duties are such as the Regimental Commander 

may direct. 



ARMY— FIGHTING FORCE 15 

1 Chaplain: In charge of the religious instruction, 
entertainment, mail, and assistant to the surgeons 
with the sick and wounded. 

3 Battalions (12 Line Companies). 

1 Headquarters Company. 

1 Supply Company. 

1 Machine Gun Company. 

1 Detachment Medical Corps. 

Regiment of Cavalry 

As prescribed for Infantry, with following additional: 

2 Veterinarians, with rank of Captain, First Lieuten- 

ant or Second Lieutenant, in charge of animals. 

Regiment of Coast Artillery 

As prescribed for Infantry, without Machine Gun Com- 
pany, and the following additional non-commis- 
sioned officers, who are attached to an organization 
in such numbers as their services are required : 

Master Electricians. 

Engineers. 

Electrician Sergeants, first class. 

Electrician sergeants, second class. 

Master Gunners. 

Firemen. 

Regiment of Field Artillery 

As prescribed for Infantry, without the Machine Gun 
Company and with the following additions : 

2 Veterinarians, with rank of Captain, First Lieuten- 
ant or Second Lieutenant, in charge of the animals. 



16 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Regiment of Engineers 
As prescribed for Infantry, without Machine Gun 
Company. 

Regimental Detachment Medical Corps 
1 Surgeon, with rank of Major. 
3 Assistant Surgeons, with rank of Captain or First 

Lieutenant. 
1 Dental Surgeon, with rank of First Lieutenant. 
(When three regiments are brigaded together, there 
may be only one Dental Surgeon assigned to a 
Brigade. ) 
Organization as prescribed for a line company of 
infantry, except Sergeants are designated Ser- 
geants first class and Sergeants, according to their 
respective duties. 



Brigade 

1 Brigadier-General, Brigade Commander. 

1 Major, Brigade Adjutant, whose duties are those of 

the Adjutant General's Department. 

2 First Lieutenants : Aides de Camps, detached from 

organizations in the Brigade to assist the Brigade 
Commander, as he may direct. 
2 to 4 Regiments. 



Division 

1 Major-General, Division Commander. 

The following officers ' duties are the same as the de- 
partments and corps they represent : 
1 Colonel, Chief of Staff. 



PLATE X. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES ARMY 




Enlisted Men, United States Army 

1. Full Dress Dismounted. 3. Full Dress Mounted. When 

When without arms breast ivithout arms breast cord is 

cord is not worn. not worn. 

2. White. 



17 



18 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

1 Major, Assistant Chief of Staff. 

1 Lieutenant-Colonel, Chief Quartermaster. 

1 Lieutenant-Colonel, Chief Surgeon. 

1 Lieutenant-Colonel, in charge of Military Police. 

1 Major, Division Adjutant. 

1 Major, Division Inspector. 

1 Major, Division Judge Advocate. 

3 Captains, or First Lieutenants, Aides de Camp, de- 
tailed to assist the Division Commander as he may 
direct. 

3 Brigades of Infantry. 

1 Brigade of Field Artillery. 
1 Regiment of Cavalry. 
1 Regiment of Engineers. 
1 Battalion Signal Corps. 

1 Headquarters Troop of Cavalry. 

2 Companies Military Police. 

4 Ambulance Companies. 
2 Field Hospitals. 

1 Supply Train. 

1 Ammunition Train. 

Cavalky Division 
As prescribed for a Division, with the following altera- 
tions : 

2 to 4 Brigades of Cavalry. 

1 Regiment of Horse Artillery. 

1 Mounted Battalion of Engineers. 

1 Mounted Battalion of Signal Corps. 

2 Ambulance Companies. 



ARMY— FIGHTING FORCE 19 

2 Field Hospitals. 
1 Supply Train. 

Field Hospital 

1 Surgeon, with rank of Major, as Commanding Of- 
ficer. 

5 Assistant Surgeons, with rank of Captain or First 

Lieutenant. 
Non-commissioned officers as prescribed for Line 
Company of Infantry, except Sergeants are des- 
ignated Sergeants first class and Sergeants, ac- 
cording to their respective duties. In addition: 

Master Hospital Sergeant, | In charge of 

Hospital Sergeant, J Pharmacy. 

1 Saddler, in charge of harness and equipment. 

1 Farrier, in charge of animals. 

Organization of privates as is necessary to handle 
equipment of field hospital and proper care of the 
sick and wounded. 

Division Supply Train : Wagon Transportation 

1 Major, as Commanding Officer. 

3 Captains. 

4 Veterinarians with rank as Second Lieutenant. 

2 Quartermaster Sergeants. 
14 Sergeants. 

2 Mess Sergeants. 
12 Horseshoers. 

6 Farriers. 
6 Saddlers. 
2 Mechanics. 



20 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

12 Corporals. 

6 Cooks. 

8 Privates, first class. 
195 Privates, as Teamsters. 
36 Privates, as Laborers. 

Division Supply Train: Motor Transportation 

1 Major, as Commanding Officer. 

7 Lieutenants, either first or second. 

2 Quartermaster Sergeants. 
30 Sergeants. 

6 Mess Sergeants. 
6 Mechanics. 
12 Cooks. 
200 Privates, first class, as Chauffeurs. 
12 Privates, first class, as Assistant Mechanics. 
55 Privates, as Assistant Chauffeurs. 

Division Ammunition Train : Wagon or Motor Trans- 
portation 
1 Lieutenant-Colonel, as Commanding Officer. 
1 Captain, as Adjutant. 

1 Sergeant-Major. 

2 Sergeant Agents. 

4 Privates, as Clerks. 

3 Sections. 

Field Army 
1 Lieutenant-General, or Major-General, as Com- 
mander. 
The following officers' duties are the same as the 
departments and corps they represent : 



PLATE XL UNIFORMS-UNITED STATES ARMY 




Enlisted Men, United States Army 
I' ^^°*.^^- 3. Field Service. 



21 



22 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 



% 



1 Brigadier-General, Chief of Staff. 

1 Colonel, Adjutant General. 

1 Colonel, Inspector. 

1 Colonel, Judge Advocate. 

1 Colonel, Chief Quartermaster. 

1 Colonel, Chief of Engineers. 

1 Colonel, Chief Surgeon. 

1 Lieutenant-Colonel, Chief of Ordnance. 

1 Lieutenant-Colonel, Chief Signal Officer. 

3 Lieutenant-Colonels as Aides de Camp, detailed to 
assist the Field Army Commander, as he may di- 
rect. 

2 Divisions, with additional troops as follows : 
1 Brigade of Cavalry. 

1 Regiment of Infantry. 

1 Regiment of Field Artillery. 

1 Pontoon Battalion of Engineers. 

1 Aero Wireless Battalion. 

1 Ambulance Company. 

1 Field Hospital. 



Army 

Of such a number of Field Armies as may be required. 
The rank of the commanding officer being deter- 
mined by the President, approved by Congre^^s. 



STRENGTH 

The strength of the army as authorized on January 1, 
1917, was given as 

Officers > 5,286 

Men 137,214 

Divided as follows : 

Officers Men 
Major Generals of the Line..,.. 6 
Brigadier Generals of the Line . . 15 
Major Generals of Departments 

or Corps . . . . . . . . . . .>. 1 

Brigadier Generals of Depart- 
ments or Corps. 11 

Departmental or Corps Officers 149 

17 Regiments of Cavalry 867 17,255 

'36 Regiments of Infantry 1,855 50,633 

9 Regiments Field Artillery. . . 387 7,881 
Coast Artillery Corps....... ... 715 21,423 

Corps of Engineers 201 2,198 

Signal Corps 22 1,978 

Quartermaster Corps .......... 78 8,000 

Ordnance Department . .. . . 28 1,241 

, Medical Department 596 . 6,534 

Chaplains .i. .i. 37 

Porto Rico Regiment. .,...,..,... 32 591 

Philippine Scouts 180 5,733 

Detached and Unassigned Offi- 
cers 136 

23 ' 



24 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Miscellaneous Organizations as follows: 
Service School Departments. .,. ..... 

School of Bakers and Cooks. 

Discipline Barrack's Guards 

Recruiting Service . 

Orderlies to General Officers. ...,...,..}- 13,747 

Indian Scouts 

Enlisted men detailed as instructors 

to the National Guard 

Unassigned Recruits ................ 



On May 14th, 1917, the President ordered the forma- 
tion of 27 new regiments of Infantry, 6 new regiments of 
Cavalry, 12 new regiments of Field Artillery and all 
organizations recruited to a war strength. This will 
bring up the strength of the army as follows : 

Officers Men 

Infantry: 64 regiments 3,379 127,985 

Calvary : 23 regiments 1,325 37,145 

Field Artillery: 21 regiments. . . 897 26,748 

With the other units of the army recruited to a war 
strength the regular army will number 

12,000 officers 293,000 men 



ARMY— STRENGTH 25 

Organization at full war strength, officers and men will 
be as follows: 

Regiment of Cavalry . .,. . ., i. 1,579 

Regiment of Infantry .,. .i. ... . . 2,058 

Regiment of Light Artillery 1,337 

Regiment of Horse Artillery ,..,... 1,176 

Regiment of Mountain Artillery ... 1,081 

Regiment of Heavy Artillery 1,222 

Regiment of Engineers — . . . . . .,. . . . 1,098 



PLATE XII. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES ARMY 




26 



ARMY— INSIGNIA 



27 



Insignia of Rank and Devices, Army 



Epaulettes, General Officers Dis- 
mounted. Gold with in- 
signia of rank in silver. 

1. Lieutenant-General. 

2. Major-General. Pad and 
fringe the same as 1. 

3. Brigadier General. Pad and 

fringe the same as 1. 

4. Pad for General Officers in 
the National Guard. Let- 
ters of state in silver. 

Shoulder Knots, General Officers 
Mounted and All Other Of- 
ficers. Insignia of rank sil- 
ver, except major. 

5. Colonel Full Dress Knot. 
Other Officer's Insignia for Knot. 

6. Lieutenant-Colonel. 

7. Major. Gold leaf. 

8. Captain. 

9. First Lieutenant. 

Second Lieutenant. Plain 
knot. 

10. Pad for Officers in the Na- 
tional Guard. Worn on 
knot above insignia, letters 
of state in silver. 

11. Officer's Cap Ornament. 
Gold on dress and white cap, 
bronze on garrison cap. 

Shoulder Straps. Worn on dress 
coat by all officers. Color 
of field depends on the 
branch of the service. See 
PLATE II. 

12. General. 

13. Lieutenant-General. 



14. Major-General. 

15. Brigadier-General. 

16. Colonel. 

17. Lieutenant-Colonel. 

18. Major. Gold leaf. 

19. Captain. 

20. First Lieutenant. 

21. Second Lieutenant. 

22. Chaplain. 

Devices of Branches of the Serv- 
ice. Worn in gold by offi- 
cers on sleeves of full dress 
■ coat and on collars of dress 
and white coats; by enlisted 
men on collar of dress and 
white coats. In bronze by 
officers on service coats and 
flannel shirts. 

23. General Staff. 

24. Chief of Staff and Assistant 
Chief of Staff. If these of- 
ficers are not detailed from 
General Staff. 

25. Adjutant-General's Depart- 
ment. 

26. Inspector-General's Depart- 
ment. 

27. Judge-Advocate's Deipart- 
ment. 

28. Medical Department. 

29. Quartermaster De^^rtment. 

30. Engineer Corps. 

31. Ordnance Department. 

32. Signal Corps. 

33. Bureau of Insular Affairs. 

34. U. S. Military Academy. 



PLATE XIII. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES ARMY 





WM. mM. MY. 



26 



^ 



Eo ai 



27 



28 



17 



18 





S^ 



J 



/^ 



22 23 24 25 



29 30 



^BSXS3SZ 



^■,,u„,:,„„,r 



31 




32 



28 



ARMY— INSIGNIA 



29 



Insignia of Rank 

Devices of the branches of the 
service continued from Plate 
XII, 

1. Cavalry. 

2. Infantry. 

3. Field Artillery. 

4. Coast Artillery Corps. 

5. Porto Rico Regiment. 

6. Philippine Scouts. 

7. Bandsman. 

8. Bugler. 

9. Electrician. 

10. Recruiting Service. 

11. Chaplain. 

12. Aide de Camps. Number of 
stars according to rank of 
general on whose staff the 

aide is serving: 3 Lieuten- 
ant-General, 2 Major-Gen- 
eral, 1 Brigadier-General. 
Aids to governors of states 
have state letters instead of 
stars. 

13. Veterinaries. 

14. Aviation Section. 

15. Dental Corps. 

Letters. Worn on collar of dress 



AND Devices, Army 

coat in gold, service coat in 
bronze. 

16. United States Officers. 

17. Officers Reserved Corps. 

18. Officers, National Guard, 
Letters of state. 

Sleeve Braiding on Full Dress 
Coat. Device shown in 
braiding denotes branch of 
service. 

19. Lieutenant-General. 

20. Major-General. 

21. Brigadier-General. 

22. Colonel. 

23. Lieutenant-Colonel. 

24. Major. 

25. Captain. 

26. First Lieutenant. 

27. Second Lieutenant. 

28. General Officer, Dress Coat. 

29. All Officers, Service Coat. 

30. All Officers, White Coat. 

31. General Officer, Overcoat. 

32. All Other Officers, Over- 
coat. 

Braiding corresponds in 
number of strands to that on 
full dress coat. 



SELECTIVE DRAFT 

For the temporary increase in the army and navy 
during the war with the Central Powers the President 
on May 18th, 1917, signed the Selective Draft Bill. Un- 
der the provision of this bill all citizens of the United 
States between the ages of 21 and 30 are registered, but 
the following are exempt from Military or Naval Ser- 
vice: 

Vice-President of the United States. 

Officers: Legislative, executive and judicial of the 
United States or the several States and Territories. 

Eegularly ordained ministers of religion. 

Students who are preparing for the ministry in recog- 
nized theological or divinity schools. 

All persons already in the Military or Naval Service 
of the United States. 

Under special conditions the following may be ex- 
empted from the full service Draft but may be drafted 
for partial service as the President may designate : 

Members of a well recognized religious sect or organi- 
zation at present organized and existing whose ex- 
isting creed or principals forbid its members from 
participating in war. If drafted to serve in a non- 
combatant position. 

30 



AEMY— SELECTIVE DRAFT 31 

County and municipal officials. 

Custom House clerks. 

Persons employed in transmission of mails. 

Artificers and workmen employed in Armories, Ar- 
senals and Navy Yards. Such other persons em- 
ployed as the President may designate : 

Pilots. 

Mariners employed in sea service by any citizen of the 
United States. 

Persons engaged in industries, including agriculture, 
found to be necessary for the maintenance of the 
Military or Naval establishment or effective opera- 
tion of these forces, or maintenance of national in- 
terests, during emergency. 

Persons having others dependent on them for support 
that renders their exclusion advisable. 

No exemptions or exclusions shall continue when the 
cause therefor no longer exists. 

After those exempted have been excluded from the 
names remaining, a selected draft will be made, each 
draft in such numbers and at such periods as the Presi- 
dent may direct. Those men that are drawn will report 
at the fixed mobilization points for instruction and organ- 
ization. The number decided upon for the first draft 
was 500,000 and after such assignments are made to the 
already existing organization the President may author- 
ize the organization of such additional units as may be 
necessary to provide for the number of men in training. 



32 AKMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

It is estimated that the first draft should add the follow- 
ing organizations to the Army: 

16 Infantry Divisions. 

2 Cavalry Divisions. 
16 Artillery Brigades. 

8 Aero Squadrons. 

6 Supply Trains. 

6 Ammunition Trains. 

6 Telephone Battalions. 
22 Field Bakeries. 
18 Divisional Hospitals. 
70 Camp Hospitals. 
10 Field Hospitals. 

10 Ambulance Companies, and the necessary men for 
the Coast Artillery Corps. 

After the proper organization of the first draft, should 
the emergency require, such additional draft will be 
made as the President may designate and after assign- 
ments have been made to the existing organization to 
fill casualties, additional units may be organized. 

When ordered by the President a certain number of 
those men drafted may be assigned to duty in the Naval 
and Marine Corps' Service. 



SERVICE 

Officers. Officers must be graduates of the United 
States Military Academy at West Point or appoiitted 
by the President. Cadets may enter the Academy be- 
tween 17 and 22 years and on graduating are commis- 
sioned 2d Lieutenants in the different branches of the 
service. Each Senator, Eepresentative and Delegate in 
Congress is entitled to have 2 cadets at the Academy 
at one time. The District of Columbia 4 cadets, and there 
are 80 appointments at large specially conferred by the 
President. The President also appoints to the number 
of 180 specially recommended men from the enlisted 
soldiers of the army and National Guard and 4 are ap- 
pointed on the recommendation by the Philippine Com- 
mission, but the last on graduation are eligible for com- 
missions in the Philippine Scouts only. 

All candidates are required to pass a physical and 
mental examination and for each vacancy three (3) can- 
didates are appointed : One Principal and 2 Alternates. 
All take the examinations at the same time and if the 
Principal fails to pass the appointment goes to the Al- 
ternate making the highest average of proficiency. 

Each year after the graduates from the Military Acad- 
emy have been assigned further vacancies are filled by 

33 



34 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 



^ 



appointments by the President from the enlisted men of 
the Army, the National Guard, or civilians who have 
graduated from a school or educational institution where 
military instruction is a part of the course of study. Ap- 
plications for appointments for conmiissions must be 
between 21 and 27 years of age and are required to take a 
severe physical and mental examination. On receiving 
their commissions they are generally ordered to one of 
the Service Schools for a course in special instructions 
before joining the organization to which they have been 
assigned. Exceptions are sometimes made by a direct 
appointment from civil life without any of the above 
qualifications but only for some special reason. 

In time of war or an enlargement of the Army or for 
other reasons temporary officers are detailed from the 
Officers' Reserve Corps. Officers are appointed to this 
who have served either in the Regular Army or National 
Guard, are graduates from schools or educational institu- 
tions where military instruction is a part of the course of 
study or have creditably attended the Citizens Train- 
ing Camps under Army control. An applicant for the 
Corps is required to pass a physical and mental examina- 
tion before he receives his appointment and on being 
commissioned is liable to be ordered on active duty at 
any time his services may be required. Officers of the 
National Guard in the State Service are conunissioned 
by the Governors of the respective States after passing 
the prescribed examination. On entering the Federal 
Service they do so with the rank they hold. After an 
organization is in the Federal Service enlisted men are 



ARMY— SERVICE 35 

recommended for commissions and are appointed by the 
President in the same manner as prescribed for Reserve 
Officers. 

Retirement. Officers on reaching the age of 64 years 
are placed on the retired list at three-quarter pay of the 
rank in which they were retired. They may be called 
back to duty if they offer their services in certain emer- 
gencies but can only serve in administrative positions. 

An officer after completing thirty years of service may 
be placed on the retired list at his own request, but is 
liable to be returned to duty if his services are required 
and continued in service until he reaches the retiring age. 

An officer who from wounds or other causes becomes 
physically disabled and unable to perform his full duty 
may be placed on the retired list by the recommenda- 
tion of a Medical Board. On making a complete re- 
covery he may be returned to the active list by the same 
procedure. An officer wishing to leave the Army may 
resign and on his resignation having been accepted by 
the President he completely severs his connection with 
the service. Retirements and resignations of officers of 
the Officers' Reserve Corps and officers of the National 
Guard when in Federal Service follow the same course. 
National Guard Officers not in the Federal Service re- 
sign to the Governor of their respective States and are 
retired under the same regulation as prescribed for the 
Army. 

Enlisted Men. Enlisted men entering the Army, as 
volunteers, enlist for seven years. Recruits may be en- 



36 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

listed from 18 to 35 years of age, and, if enlisted as musi- 
cians, at 16 years. They must be physically in fine con- 
dition. After three years of active duty with the colors in 
time of peace, a man may at his own request be trans- 
ferred to the Reserve for the balance of his enlistment. 
During that period he may be called back to the colors 
at any time in case of war, or great emergency, to serve 
out the unexpired time of his enhstment. If the country 
be at war no transfers to the Reserve are made. By 
special order of the President, in time of war special 
enlistments may be made for the duration of the war. 

Enlistments in the National Guard are covered by the 
same regulations except the period of active duty with 
the colors in time of peace is three years. Enlisted men 
are placed on the retired list under the same conditions 
as officers. 



INSTRUCTION 

The United States Military Academy is situated at 
West Point, New York, and is a school for the practical 
and theoretical training of cadets for military service. 

Officers and men for advanced or special instruction 
may be ordered to take a course at one of the following 
schools. 

Army War College at Washington, D. C. 
For instructions in the highest branches of military 
lore and special work in connection with the General 
Staff. 

Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 
For instruction in the duties of the various Staff De- 
partments. 

For instruction in various branches as their names 
indicate : 

Coast Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Virginia. 

Engineer School, Washington Barracks, District of Co- 
lumbia. 

Cavalry and Field Artillery School, Fort Riley, Kan- 
sas. 

Army Medical School, Washington, District of Co- 
lumbia. 

37 



38 



ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 



Fort 

Leavenworth, 

Kansas. 



Infantky School (School of the Line) 

Army Signal School 

Field Engineeeixg School 

Field Service School for Medical 

Officers 
School of Fire, Field Artillery] Fort Sill, 
School of Musketry j Oklahoma. 

fSan Diego, California. 
Signal Corps Aviation Schools J Chicago, Illinois. 

[ Mineola, New York. 
Ordnance School of Application, Sandy Hook, New 
Jersey. 

'Washington, D. C. 
Monterey, California. 
Schools for Bakers and J Fort Sam Houston, Texas. 
Cooks Fort Shafter, Hawaii. 

Fort Riley, Kansas. 



ARMAMENT 

Artillery is divided into two classes : Field Artillery and 
Coast Defense Artillery. 

Field Artillery is subdivided as follows: 

Light Artillery: Armed with 3 point 2 (3.2 inch) 
guns drawn by 6 horses. Officers, Non-Commis- 
sioned Officers and certain privates are mounted. 
Cannoniers ride on the gun carriages or caissons. 

Horse Artillery: Armed as prescribed for Light Ar- 
tillery. All officers and men mounted for rapid move- 
ments generally in conjunction mth cavalry. 

Heavy Artillery: Armed with 4 point 7 (4.7) guns of 
howitzer or siege type, drawn by 8 horses. Offi- 
cers, Non-Commissioned Officers and certain pri- 
vates are mounted-. Cannoniers may ride on the 
gun carriages or caissons but generally march. 

Mountain Artillery: Armed with small field guns, 
field howitzers, or machine guns carried with the 
extra ammunition and full equipment on the backs 
of pack animals. Officers and certain Non-Commis- 
sioned Officers are mounted. All other Non-Com- 
missioned Officers and men march. 

Machine Guns: There are several varieties of these 
guns in use, the best known being the Lewis, Benet- 

39 



40 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Mecier, and Colt. In transporting them they are 
carried on pack animals and are in charge of ma- 
chine gun companies. 

Coast Defense Artillery: Varies so in its armament 
that it is impossible to describe it in detail without tak- 
ing up more space than can be allowed for this subject. 
The guns vary in size from a caliber of 16 inches to the 
smallest machine gun, and are so mounted in the vari- 
ous coast fortifications as may be necessary to obtain 
the best results in defending them. In addition to the 
handling of the guns, the Coast Artillery is also given 
the protection of harbors and channels by the planting 
and care of mines, submarine nets, and other means of 
harbor and channel defense. 

Rifle: The rifle used by all branches of the service 
so armed is known as the Springfield, from the name of 
the Arsenal where they are manufactured. 

Caliber, .30 inches 

Length, without bayonet, 3.6 feet 
Length with bayonet, 4.9 ** 

Weight, 8.6 lbs. 

Cartridges in magazine, 5 

Pistol: All officers, Colt's Automatic Pistols, cali- 
ber .45. 

Cartridges in magazine, 10. 

Enlisted men are gradually being armed with auto- 
matics, but some branches of the service still carry Colt 's 
revolvers, caliber .38 and .45. 

Cartridges in chamber, 5. 



ARMY— AEMAMENT - 41 

Enfield Rifle: The raising of such a large army 
suddenly completely overtaxed the facility of the Gov- 
ernment Arsenal to provide it with proper small arms. 
It was, therefore, decided to procure a certain number 
of the Enfield Rifles used by the British Army for the 
immediate equipping of extra troops ; the rifles being so 
constructed that American ammunition can be used. 



AVIATION 

All aviation is directly in charge of the Signal Corps, 
but officers and men may be detailed from any branch for 
service in this arm. The number of officers authorized 
for this work is: 

1 Colonel 

1 Lieutenant-Colonel 
8 Majors 
24 Captains 
114 First Lieutenants 
and such a number of enlisted men as may be fixed by the 
President as their services are required. The organiza- 
tion in June, 1917, was 4 Aero Squadrons, but the num- 
ber was to be rapidly increased as soon as the necessary 
aeroplane and balloons were procured and the officers 
and men under instruction were ready to handle them. 

Officers and men while serving with the Aviation Sec- 
tion are required to participate regularly and frequently 
in aerial flights and receive an increase of pay of this 
grade based on their rating for efficiency and the work 
that they are required to do : 

Aviation Officers, 25% increase 

Junior Military Aviators, 50% increase 
Military Aviators, 75% increase 

Enlisted Men, 50% increase 

42 



ARMY— AVIATION 43 

It seemed, in the summer of 1917, that Aviation was to 
be one of the principal factors in bringing the war to u 
successful termination for the Allies, and every effort 
was being made to throw into the field of operations as 
many aerial craft as possible. Some estimates placed 
the number of aeroplanes required at over 100,000, and 
on the best authority obtainable it seemed that 25,000 
would be rushed into service as rapidly as possible. It 
was the training of the necessary aviators to make them 
effective that would take the time, as the machines could 
be manufactured much more rapidly than the men trained 
to handle them. The makes of aerial craft are of such a 
variety that a detailed description must be left to special 
works on this subject. The principal type of plane is 
what is known as the fighting plane, built to carry a ma- 
chine gun of the Lewis type and a man to operate it, in 
addition to the aviators. The airships in use and being 
constructed at this time were of the observation type 
only, and no attempt was made to copy the German Zep- 
pelins, as their accomplishments have not justified the 
use of material, labor and expense necessary for their 
construction. 



PAY 



Officers and men are paid monthly. 
General (as the President, with the 
♦ approval of Congress, may decide) 

Lieutenant-General . .i. i. . . 

Major-General . . . ........ . . . .. . .,. . . . 

Brigadier-General 

Colonel .1. . .,. . . .u .1. . 

Lieutenant-Colonel ....... .,. . .,. . . . . .,, 

Major .,. . .1 ,. ... . .> . ... , 

Captain ., ... 

First Lieutenant — .. 

Second Lieutenant . .i 



$916.87 
666.67 
500.00 
333.33 
291.67 
250.00 
200.00 
166.67 
141.67 



Master Signal Electrician ' 

Master Electrician . . . ... ., — . 

Band Leader — , — . . . . . ... .. 

Kegimental Sergeant-Major . .,. . 

Eegimental Supply Sergeant. ., 

Electrician Sergeant, first class. . . . . 

Signal Sergeant, first class. ., ,. . 

Post Ordnance Sergeant. 

Sergeant, Quartermaster Corps 

Battalion Sergeant-Major, Engineers 
First Sergeant 

44 



75.00 



45.00 



ARMY— PAY 



45 



Battalion and Squadron Sergeant- 
Major ,. . .1 , 

Master Gunner >. . .,. . „ 

Assistant Band Leader. . .,. . ., „ 

Electrician Sergeant, second class . . . 
Sergeant, Engineers, Ordnance, Sig- 
nal Corps, Band . ... . .>. . . . ..... 

Color Sergeant ..,..., ,. .,. . .,. . ., 

Drum Major . . . . . . ..,..., ,. .,. . . 

Sergeant, Infantry, Cavalry, Artil-' 
lery. Hospital Corps 

Supply Sergeant . 

Mess Sergeant . ... . .,. . .,. . .,. . ., ,. 

Radio Sergeant ,. . ., ... 

Sergeant Bugler . ... . .,. . . . .,. . . 

Stable Sergeant . ...,,. .,. . ... . . . 

Fireman . ., .1. . .,. . .,. ...... 

Corporal — ,. . ..... ., 

Cook s. . .,. . 

Horseshoer 

Corporals, Engineers, Ordnance, Sig- 
nal Corps, Hospital Corps 

Mechanics, Coast Artillery. ., 

Privates, Band 

Corporal, Infantry, Cavalry, Artil- 
lery 

Mechanic 

Farrier 

Saddler 



.i. . .1. 



40.00 



36.00 



$30.00 



24.00 



21.00 



46 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

First-class Private 18.00 

Private, Hospital Corps 16.00 

Privates, excepted were noted above' 
Company, Troop or Battery Musi- [ 15 . 00 
cians ( 

Officers : There shall be allowed and paid each com- 
missioned officer below the rank of Brigadier-General, 
10% additional to his current yearly pay for each term 
of five years' service, known as longevity pay. The total 
amount of this increase shall in no case exceed 40%. Of- 
ficers receive 10% additional pay per month when serving 
outside the Continental limits of the United States, ex- 
cept in the Canal Zone, Panama, Porto Rico and Hawaii. 

Officers when on aviation duty and when required to 
participate regularly in aerial flights receive an increase 
of pay per month, as follows : 

Aviation Officers, 25% 

Junior Military Aviators, 50% 

Military Aviators, 75% 

Enlisted Men: On reenlisting, a man receives addi- 
tional pay monthly for each enlistment, figured on base 
pay as follows: 



If Receiving 


2d 


3d 


4th 


5th 


6th 


7th 


$15.00 or $16.00 


3.00 


6.00 


7.00 


8.00 


9.00 


10.00 


$18.00 to $30.00 


3.00 


6.00 


9.00 


12.00 


15.00 


18.00 


$36.00 to $75.00 


4.00 


8.00 


12.00 


16.00 


20.00 


24.00 



ARMY— PAY 47 

Additional allowances are made as follows : 
Holders of Certificates of Merit, $2.00 additional 
monthly. 

When detailed for aviation duty and required to par- 
ticipate regularly in aerial flights, 50 7o additional pay 
while so serving. 

When efficient in marksmanship, extra monthly allow- 
ance as follows : 

Marksmen and second-class gunners. ... $2.00 
Sharpshooters and first-class gunners . . 3.00 
Expert riflemen, expert first-class gunners 5.00 
Gun Pointers, Gun Commanders, Second- 
class Observers, Chief Planters, Chief 
Loaders 7.00 

Plotters, First-class Observers, Casement 

Electricians, Coxswains , 9.00 

Additional monthly pay is also allowed the following 
when performing special duty: 

Mess Sergeants f^. , $6.00 

Hospital Corps Men, when acting as Sur- 
gical Assistants . . . ..... 6.00 

Hospital Corps Men, when acting as Dis- 
pensary Assistants . . . . . . . . 2.00 

Commencing June 1, 1917, and continuing until the 
termination of the present emergency, the pay of the en- 
listed men in active service is increased as follows. (The 
amount figured on base pay.) 



48 AEMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION 

Those men who do not receive over $21.00 a month, 
$15.00 a month additional. 

Those men who receive $24.00 to $30.00 a month, $12.00 
a month additional. 

Those men who receive $30.00 to $40.00 a month, $8.00 
a month additional. 

Those men who receive over $40.00 a month, $6.00 a 
month additional. 



UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT 

Ofpicers are required to purchase their own uniforms 
and equipments and to keep themselves supplied with the 
required articles at all times. 

Enlisted Men, on joining, have issued to them the fol- 
lowing articles of clothing and equipment. 



In time of peace: 


1 Dress Cap 




1 Dress Coat 




1 pair of Dress Trousers or 




Breeches 




1 Breast Cord 




White Gloves 




1 Garrison Cap 




1 Leather Body Belt. 


At all times: 


1 Service Hat and Cord 




1 Coat, O.D. Woolen 




1 Coat, O.D. Cotton 




2 Shirts, O.D. Flannel 




1 Breeches, O.D. Woolen 




1 Breeches, O.D. Cotton 




1 Pair Leggings 




2 Pair Shoes 




3 Pair Drawers 




2 Undershirts 




49 



50 AEMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION 





4 Pair Socks 




1 Overcoat 




1 Sweater 




2 Blankets 




1 Half Shelter Tent 




1 Cartridge Belt 




1 Mess Outfit 




1 Canteen 




Chevrons and Arm Devices, 




when required 




1 First Aid Packet 


ismou 


nted Troops: 1 Pack Carrier 




1 Poncho 



Mounted Troops: 1 Pair Saddle Bags 

1 Saddle Blanket 
1 Set Horse Equipments 
1 Slicker. 

Each individual is furnished with the proper small 
arms for his respective position and branch of the ser- 
vice. 

Each of the articles issued has a rated value, and when 
a man enlists such articles as are necessary are issued to 
him and their value charged against what is known as his 
clothing allowance, amounting to $52.45 the first year, and 
$25.55 for each succeeding year of his enlistment. This is 
placed to his credit on the Company Books, and a man is 
entitled to draw and have charged against this account, 
not exceeding annually the specified amount, such arti- 
cles of uniform and equipment that are necessary for him 
to replace those worn out or lost. If in the judgment of 



ARMY— UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT 51 

his commanding officer, or an inspector, any article is un- 
fit for use, its owner is ordered to replace it, which re- 
placement is charged against his account, unless the arti- 
cle has been damaged in some way for Avhich the owner is 
not responsible. In this case, on appealing to the proper 
authority, the article may be condemned and a new one 
issued to the man without its being charged against him. 

At the completion of an enlistment a discharged man 
receives in cash the unexpended balance of his uniform 
allowance that may be credited to him. Careful atten- 
tion to uniform and equipment at all times, and its pres- 
ervation in the best manner possible, sometimes enables 
a soldier to have quite a balance to his credit on taking his 
discharge. If a soldier is careless in the care of his out- 
fit, and expends his annual allowance before the termi- 
nation of the year, he is required to replace articles of 
uniform and equipment from his pay. 

Uniforms will be worn by officers and men at all times 
when on duty or within the confines of a military sta- 
tion. In times of peace officers are permitted to wear 
civilian's clothes when leaving the station limits, and 
enlisted men, by special permission, when leaving on an 
authorized furlough. In time of war uniforms are worn 
by all at all times. 

National Guard uniforms and equipment conform to 
that worn by the regular army, except where the letters 
*^U.S.'' are u^ed in marking, the initial letters designat- 
ing the State to which the troops belong are substituted. 
In time of peace uniforms are worn only for military 



PLATE XIV. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES ARMY 




52 



ARMY— INSIGNIA 



53 



Chevrons and Arjvi Devices, Army 



Chevrons. Worn by non-commis- 


25. 




stoned oncers. 


Arm 


1. 


Regimental Sergeant Major. 




2. 


Regimental Supply Ser- 






geant. 


26. 


3. 


Band Leader. 




4. 


Battalion Sergeant Major. 


27. 


5. 


Color Sergeant. 




6. 


Assistant Band Leader. 


28. 


7. 


First Sergeant. 




8. 


Drum Major. 


29. 


9. 


Company Supply Sergeant. 




10. 


Company Mess Sergeant. 


30. 


11. 


Master Electrician. 


31. 


12. 


Post Ordnance Sergeant. 


32. 


13. 


Sergeant First Class, Signal 


33. 




Corps. 


34. 


14. 


Sergeant First Class, Med- 


35. 




ical Dept. 


36. 


15. 


Signal Electrician, Signal 


37. 




Corps. 


38. 



16. Sergeant, Quartei-master 39. 
Corps. 40. 

17. Electrician Sergeant. 41. 

18. Electrician Sergeant First 42. 
Class, Coast Artillery Corps. 43. 

19. Sergeant, Ordnance Depart- 
ment. 44. 

20. Sergeant, Signal Corps. 

21. Sergeant, Medical Corps. 45. 

22. Bugler Sergeant. 

23. Stable Sergeant. 46. 

24. Sergeant. 



Corporal. 

Devices. Worn by special 
men. Sometimes these are 
combined with chevrons. 
Master Electrician, Coast 
Artillery Corps. 
Engineer, Coast Artillery 
Corps. 

Master Gunner, Coast Ar- 
tillery Corps. 

Chief Mechanic, Coast Ar- 
tillery Corps. 
Fireman. 
Cook. 
Mechanic. 

Farrier or Horseshoer. 
Saddler. 

Casement Electrician. 
Observer First Class. 
Observer Second Class. 
Chief Planter. 
Chief Loader. 
Gun Commander. 
Gun Pointer. 
Plotter. 

First Class Gunner, Gun or 
Mortar. 

Second Class Gunner, Gun 
or Mortar. 

First Class Gunner, Mine 
Company. 

Second Class Gunner, Mine 
Company. 



54 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

duty. If ordered into the Federal Service they conform 
to the Army Regulations. 

Uniforms, insignia of rank, devices, etc., as prescribed 
by the Uniform Regulation, are shown by the accompany- 
ing plates. There is, however, certain information which 
cannot be shown in illustrations, which is noted below\ 

Officers: The uniform worn by a General will be 
such as may be prescribed by the President at the time 
of the appointment. 

Cocked hats and epaulettes are worn by Generals with 
dismounted full dress only. Aigulettes (of gold-braided 
cords) are worn on the right shoulder by the aides to 
the President and aides to Governors of States, and on 
the left shoulder by the General Staff, Adjutant Gen- 
eral's Department, Inspector General's Department, Bu- 
reau of Insular Affairs, Regimental Adjutants, Aides to 
General Officers, and Military Attaches when on duty 
with an Ambassador or Minister. They will be worn at 
all times on the full dress and special evening dress coats 
and the dress and white coats when under arms. 

Officers, when detailed to a Corps or Department, or as 
aides, will wear the uniform of the branch of the service, 
substituting for the organization device the device of the 
Corps, Department, or designation of General's aide to 
which they may be allotted. 

When authorized by an immediate Commanding Offi- 
cer, white mess jackets, with white trousers and shoes, 
and blanket- or wool-lined overcoats may be worn ac- 
cording to the climatic conditions of the stations. 



ARMY— UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT 55 

In field service, despatch cases are carried by all Staff 
OflScers, and map cases may be carried by officers when 
necessary. 

Ch^iplains: In conducting religious services, Chap- 
lains may wear the vestments required by the church to 
which they belong. 

Reserve Officers: Officers of the Reserve Corps are 
only required to be equipped with the complete field uni- 
form and equipment, substituting on the collar of the 
coat and shirt the letters '^U.S.R.'' for ^'U.S.^^ They 
do not wear uniforms except on special occasions, unless 
ordered into active service, when they conform to the 
Army Regulations. If a Reserve Officer so desires, he 
may equip himself with a complete uniform of his rank 
and branch of the service for use on such occasions as 
it may be proper to appear in such a uniform. 

Enlisted Men: Chevrons and devices are worn on 
both sleeves, midway between the elbow and top of 
sleeve. All men who have served faithfully for a full 
period of enlistment will wear on both sleeves of the 
dress coat, just above the cuff, a service stripe of the 
branch of the service in which the enlistment was per- 
formed. For each additional enlistment an additional 
stripe will be added. If war service is performed dur- 
ing the time of enlistment, the stripe will be of white, 
edged with the color of the branch of the service. 

Blanket-lined overcoats and white duck uniforms are 
issued to troops serving in stations where the climatic 
conditions may require them. 



PLATE XV. SMALL-ARMS AND SHOOTING DECORA- 
TIONS— U. S. ARMY, NAVY, AND MARINE CORPS 




^^fc 







^ 



^^ 








<-?ll PISTOL EXPERT 1^ 




8 




Small-Arms and Decorations for Shooting, United States Army, 

Navy, and Marine Corps 

1. Springfield Rifle and Bay- 2. Enfield Rifle and Bayonet, 

onet. 3. Automatic Pistol. 



56 



ARMY— UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT 57 

Miscellaneous Information: The medal of honor is 
worn pendant below the necktie by officers in special 
evening dress. Medals are worn on full dress coats only. 
Ribbons only will be worn on all other uniforms. No 
medals or ribbons are permitted on the overcoat. 

Organizations, by special permission of the Secretary 
of War, may add such ornamentations to their band 
uniforms, as may be approved, provided the general 
character of the uniform is not changed. 

Service uniforms are made of both wool and cotton, 
which are worn according to climatic conditions. For 
camp and field work officers and enlisted men may lay 
aside the service coat and perform their duties wearing 
the authorized olive drab shirt. When this is done, de- 
vices, insignia of rank, and chevrons are worn on the 
shirt, as prescribed. If officers and men appear in shirts 
on ceremonial occasions, or off duty, out of the military 
limits, a black cravat, tied in a sailor's knot, is worn. 

Certain organizations of the National Guard are al- 
lowed, for historical and sentimental reasons, to have a 
distinctive full dress uniform. These uniforms must be 
procured entirely at the expense of the organization, and 
are permitted to be worn only on ceremonial occasions, 
and are not allowed for any State or Federal duty. 



Decorations Awarded for Shoot- 4. Expert Rifleman, 

ing- 5. Pistol Expert. 

The winning of one of these ^ Sharpshooter. 
decorations carries with it a 

monthly extra allowance of ^' ^^^tol Sharpshooter. 

'pay, 8. Marksman. 



TRAINING CAMPS 

The Secretary of War is authorized to maintain on 
military reservations in different parts of the country, 
during certain periods of the year, militar^^ training- 
camps for the instruction and training of such citizens 
as may be selected. Aj)plications to attend -such camp 
is made at such a place and at such a time as may be 
designated in orders issued by the Department Com- 
manders in whose Department the camps are situated. 
Applicants must pass a certain physical and mental ex- 
amination and to enlist for the entire period of the 
camp. Officers and non-commissioned officers from the 
Army and Eeserve Corps are detailed as instructors. On 
completing a prescribed period of instructions and being 
discharged, a student, on the recommendation of his 
Commanding Officers while in camp, is eligible to take 
the examination for the Eeserve Officers' Corps. In an- 
ticipation of the large number of officers needed for the 
new conscripted army, the War Department, on May 1st, 
1917, established 16 Training Camps throughout the 
country, with students numbering from 1,500 to 5,000 at 
each camp, according to the accommodations. The pre- 
scribed course of study is 3 months. At the completion 
of the first course the camps will be recruited again and 
a second set of students enlisted for another three 
months and this continued as long as additional officers 
are required. 

58 



NATIONAL GUARD 

The National Guard consists of the regularly commis- 
sioned and enlisted militia of the various States, organ- 
ized, armed, and equipped, as provided for the corre- 
sponding branches of the service in the Regular Army. 
The National Guard in time of peace is maintained by 
their respective States, which in addition to the State 
money expended, receives annually an appropriation and 
certain equipment from the Government, according to 
the numbers and efficiency of their organizations. 

When it is necessary to take the troops of a State into 
Federal Service, the President may authorize the raising 
of State Reserve Organizations to take their places for 
home defense, and also to enlist and instruct recruits, 
who may be forwarded to the organizations in the field. 
When this is done men of the National Guard Reserve 
are ordered back into service in the Reserve Organiza- 
tions, and may be transferred, if necessary, to the active 
organization should their services be required there. 
When in the State Service officers are commissioned by 
their respective Governors, and are transferred to the 
Reserve, retired, or resign, accordingly. When in the 
Federal Service they have the same standing as regular 
officers and are under the Army regulations. 

Enlisted Men. Enlisted men, either in the State or 
Federal Service, are enlisted, transferred to the Reserve, 
retired and discharged as prescribed for an enlisted man 
of the Regular Army. 

59 



PLATE XVI. FIELD EQUIPMENT— U. S. ARMY, NAVY 
AND MARINE CORPS 




tFiELD Equipment of Enlisted Men, United States Army, Navy, 

AND Marine Corps 



m 



ARMY—NATIONAL GUARD 



61 



Enlistment is for 6 years, 3 years with the colors, 3 
years with the Reserve. Applicants must be between the 
ages of 18 and 45, a minor having to have the consent of 
a parent or guardian. On enlisting a man subscribes 
and signs an oath which renders him liable to be called 
into the service of the United States should it be so or- 
dered by the President in case of war or grave emer- 
gency. On being mustered into the Federal Service he 
becomes part of the Regular Army, and is governed by 
its regulations, rates of pay, etc. 



Enlisted Men Dismounted. 

1. Full Equipment. 

A. Meat Can Pouch. 

B. Haversack. 

C. Bayonet. 

D. Entrenching Tool. 

E. Suspenders. 

F. Cartridge Pocket, open. 

G. Cartridge Belt. 

H. Roll. Contains blanket, 
shelter-tent half, extra 
clothing. 

I. Canteen. 

K. First-aid Packet. 
Entrenching Tools. Carried by 

some men in place of tool 

marked D. 

2. Pick-Mattock. 

3. Ax. 

Tools. Carried on belt by men 
who carry no intrenching 
tools. 

4. Bolo. 



5. Wire-cutter. 

Enlisted Men Mounted. They 
wear a cartridge belt with 
canteen and first-aid packet 
attached. 

6. Saddle and Equipment. 

A. Slicker. 

B. Roll. Contains blanket, 
shelter-tent, half, extra 
clothing. 

C. Saddle-bag. Contains 
meat can pouch and ex- 
tra articles. 

7. Holster. Carried by men 
equipped with automatic 
pistol. 

A. Leg-strap. To prevent 
swinging. 
Contents of Meat Can Pouch. 

8. Bacon Box. 

9. Condiment Box. 

10. Bottom of Meat Can. 

11. Top of Meat Can. 



62 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

In times of peace the National Guard is required to 
carry out certain plans of drills, maneuvers, rifle prac- 
tise and camp as prescribed by the Division of Militia 
of Affairs of the War Department. To each State, ac- 
cording to the size of its National Guard, is detailed a 
number of regular officers and non-commissioned officers, 
known as Inspector-Instructors. Their duties are ex- 
plained by their title and on the reports of these Inspec- 
tor-Instructors is based the annual money appropriation 
and the issue of arms and equipment to the different 
States. 

Officers of the National Guard on being recommended 
by their respective Governors may be detailed to take 
a course of instruction at the Army Service Schools in 
the branch of the service to which they belong and when 
detailed for such duty receive the pay of their grade. 

Strength. The strength of the National Guard as 
reported on January 1st, 1917, was as under Column A. 
On May 5th, 1917, all States were ordered to recruit their 
organizations to full war strength which will make the 
numbers of each State as under Column B : 

Column A Colimtn B 

Officers S Men Officers & Men 

Alabama 2,557 9,600 

Arizona , 920 2,400 

Arkansas 915 7,200 

California 3,462 9,100 

Colorado 828 4,800 

Connecticut /. 3,703 4,900 

Delaware 461 2,400 



AEMY— NATIONAL GUARD 63 

Colv/mn A Column B 

Officers S Men Officers S Men 

District of Columbia 1,835 2,465 

Florida ,..,..,. 1,266 4,100 

Georgia 3,084 11,200 

Hawaii , 2,641 

Idaho 964 3,200 

Illinois 6,599 20,300 

Indiana ,. ., 2,561 12,000 

Iowa 3,400 10,400 

Kansas 2,052 8,000 

Kentucky 2,422 10,400 

Louisiana ,. . ., 1,182 7,350 

Maine 1,539 4,200 

Maryland 2,192 5,700 

Massachusetts , 7,018 12,600 

Michigan 3,650 11,000 

Minnesota 3,099 8,400 

Mississippi ,. 1,156 8,000 

Missouri ,...,.., 3,953 14,100 

Montana ., 784 3,200 

Nebraska 1,617 6,400 

Nevada: No National 

Guard-— Allotment 2,400 

to be raised. 

New Hampshire 1,258 3,200 

New Jersey 4,322 9,800 

New Mexico 934 2,400 

New York 16,323 31,'500 

North Carolina 3,054 9,150 



64 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Column A Column B 
Officers S Men Officers & Men 

North Dakota 790 4,000 

Ohio ...... 6,408 16,800 

Oklahoma 1,036 8,000 

Oregon 1,691 3,500 

Pennsylvania 10,151 29,400 

Rhode Island ., 1,617 3,500 

South Carolina 1,526 6,700 

South Dakota .,. 922 4,000 

Tennessee 1,747 9,600 

Texas 2,905 15,500 

Utah 578 3,200 

Vermont . ., , 954 3,200 

Virginia , 3,005 9,600 

Washington 1,448 4,900 

West Virginia 1,611 6,400 

Wisconsin , ., 3,439 10,400 

Wyoming 614 2,400 



132,194 297,765 

Though for all Federal and State duty the National 
Guard must be organized, uniformed and equipped 
strictly in accordance with the regulations, certain or- 
ganizations whose distinctive uniforms have a historical 
significance are allowed to wear them for ceremonial pur- 
poses, provided they are supplied at the expense of the 
organization and no money provided from the Army or 
State appropriation is used in their purchase or main- 
tenance. 



EXPLANATORY NOTES 

Airship 

A dirigible balloon, an aircraft floating in air owing 
to its being filled with gas, which is lighter than air. 
Propelled by motors driven by air propellers. 

Airplane 

An air craft with wings, which lift it by forcing air 
downward and supporting itself on the reaction 
thereof. Propelled by motor driven air propellers. 

Battalion Parade 
See Kegimental Parade. The same ceremony per- 
formed by a Battalion. 

Barracks 
Permanent buildings occupied by troops. 

Billets 
When troops are quartered in the buildings of a town 
they are said to be in billets. 

Bivouac 

An encampment without tents or covering. 

Bombs and Handgrenades 

Small explosive missiles that are thrown by specially 
constructed guns or by hand. Mostly used in trench 
warfare. 

65 



66 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Bugle Calls 

Reveille: First call in the morning at which the men 

must arise. 
Retreat: Sounded at sunset when post flag or regi- 
mental colors or standards are taken in for the night. 
Tattoo: Sounded at such hour as may be designated 
at night, as a notification that the work for the day 
is done and a warning that all men should return 
to their quarters. 
Call to Quarters: Sounded generally one half hour 

after Tattoo, when all men must be in quarters. 
Taps: Sounded generally fifteen minutes later when 
lights are extinguished and absolute quiet must pre- 
vail. 

In addition to the above calls there are sounded such 
calls for mess, drills, ceremonies, and other duties 
as may be necessary for the day's routine. 

Camps 
When troops are quartered in tents. 

Cantonments 
Temporary buildings erected for troops. 

CoLOES AND Standards 
The National and State or Regimental Flags carried 
by foot troops are called Colors. By mounted organi- 
zations Standards. When in regimental formations 
and a salute is rendered the State or Regimental flag is 
dropped to the front at an angle of 45 degrees. When 
not in use they are kept in the Quarters of the Com- 



ARMY^EXPLANATORY NOTES 67 

manding Officer. When in camp colors and standards 
are placed unfurled in front of the Commanding Offi- 
cers' tents in fine weather, and are saluted by all indi- 
viduals or troops passing. Individuals also salute col- 
ors and standards when they are carried by troops. 
Should the weather be inclement they may be cased in 
w^aterproof coverings and when this is done they are 
not saluted. 
Commissioned Officek 
An officer who receives his commission from the Pres- 
ident, or the Governor of a State. 

Devices 
Markings that designate to what branch of the service 
or organization an officer or man belongs. 

Escort to the Colors 
A ceremony performed by a selected company from a 
regiment or battalion when the colors are brought 
from the Commanding Officer's Quarters to the organi- 
zation. 

Escort of Honor 
A detail of any body of troops to escort individuals of 
high military, naval or civil rank. 

Field Officers 
Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major. 

Field Bakery 
An organization supplied with the equipment of field 
ovens and skilled labor for the preparation of bread 
on the march. The output of an organized Field Bak- 
ery Company is about 3,600 loaves a day, per oven. 



68 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

When on the march a bakery can deliver bread 6 hours 
after a halt is made and the equipment put in place. 
First Aid Packet 

A part of the Field Equipment of every officer and man 

— carried on the belt at all times : 

Content^ 

2 gauze bandages, 

2 gauze compresses, 

2 safety pins. 

Printed directions for emergency dressings. 
Furloughs 

See Leaves. 
Funeral Escort 
Troops detailed for funeral duty. If of an officer or 
man of the Army, the prescribed escort is as follows : 
Lieut enant-General 

A regiment of Infantry, a squadron of Cavalry, a 

battery of Field Artillery. 
Major-General 

A regiment of Infantry, a troop of Cavalry, a bat- 
tery of Field Artillery. 
Brigadier-General 

A regiment of Infantry, a troop of Cavalry and a 

platoon of Artillery. 
Colonel 

Regiment. 
Lieutenant-Colonel or Major 

Battalion or Squadron. 
Captain 

Company, troop, or battery. 



AEMY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 69 

Lieutenants 

Platoon. 
Sergeants 

14 to 16 men according to his rank, commanded by a 

sergeant. 

Corporal 
12 men commanded by a corporal. 

Private 

8 men commanded by a Corporal. 
General Officer 
A term used in speaking of any officer of General's 

rank: 

Guard Mounting 
A ceremony of the inspection and review of a new 
guard before it relieves the old guard on duty. The old 
guard may be, however, relieved in an informal man- 
ner should the Commanding Officer of the garrison or 
camp so direct. 

Identification Tag 
A small disc of metal worn by every officer and man 
at all times and on which is stamped his name and or- 
ganization. 

Incinerator 
A specially constructed oven for the disposal of camp 
refuse. One is generally constructed, of such material 
as may be obtainable, at each camp kitchen. 

Inspection 
A formation under arms when the uniform and equip- 
ment of each individual is carefully examined by the 



70 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

senior present or by a specially detailed o.fficer or non- 
commissioned officer. 

Inspection of Quaktees 
Is made as above when the quarters occupied by troops 
must be put in thorough o];der and all personal cloth- 
ing and equipment displayed. 

Insignia of Rank 

Markings that designate an officer or non-commissioned 
officer. 

Leaves and Furloughs 

Leaves of absence are granted to officers, Furloughs 
to enlisted men. Unless under special circumstances 
they are rarely granted for over 30 days at one period. 
Permission to be absent from post'!i)r camp for a short 
period generally not to exceed 24 hours is not consid- 
ered as a leave of absence or furlough. 

Line Officers 
Captain, 1st Lieutenant, 2d Lieutenant. 

Military Post 
A general term used to designate a place where troops 
are quartered. 

Military Police 

Their duty is to enforce the police regulations in or 
near a military post or with troops on the march ; pro- 
tect the inhabitants, military stores, telegraph, tele- 
phone, and railway lines from damage and to arrest all 
soldiers absent from the organizations without proper 
authority. 

Mines 

High explosives placed in harbors, channels, in front 



ARMY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 71 

of trenches or by tunneling under an enemy ^s position. 
Contact — those that are placed so that they will be ex- 
ploded by being forcibly struck. 
Control — those that are placed so that they can be ex- 
ploded by electricity. 

Mine Layers 

Specially constructed vessels of the Coast Artillery 
Corps for the placing of mines, harbor nets and similar 
defenses. 

Muster 

A formation of an organization to determine the gen- 
eral condition of its officers and men or for the pur- 
pose of paying them. For such a formation carefully 
prepared muster rolls are made out giving the neces- 
sary details of information required for each indi- 
vidual. 

National Anthem 
Army Regulations y par. 264, prescribes the ''Star 
Spangled Banner" as the ''National Anthem/^ and it 
must be played on occasions of ceremony only. The 
playing of the ''National Anthem '* as part of a med- 
ley is strictly prohibited. When the ''National 
Anthem '^ is played, troops under arms render the pre- 
scribed salute. Officers and men in uniform, but out 
of ranks, come to attention, bringing the right hand 
to the position of salute at the first bar of the music 
and holding it there until the music ceases. Civilians 
uncover, holding the hat with the right hand on the left 
shoulder. If indoors and uncovered all stand at atten- 
tion. 



72 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Non-Commissioned Officers 
An enlisted man who is appointed to office by an order 
which may be revoked at any time, and the man re- 
turned to the ranks. 

Officer of the Day 
An officer detailed daily who is charged with the execu- 
tion of all orders of the Commanding Officer relating to 
the safety and good order of a post. 

Pay Rolls 

Carefully prepared rolls of an organization giving such 
information as is necessary to properly pay off the offi- 
cers and men ; generally made up monthly. 

Police 

The term ^'Police'' in military parlance used (except 
when preceded by the word *' Military^') to describe 
those men detailed to do the general cleaning up of a 
post. Policing is generally done twice a day, and is 
divided into three details. Company troop or battery 
IDolice who have charge of the quarters and picket lines 
of their respective organizations. Kitchen Police who 
have charge of the kitchen and mess. General Police 
composed of a detail from each organization of a post, 
who have charge of all ground within the military 
limits not covered by the first two. 

Poncho 
A square waterproof sheet issued to foot troops so 
arranged that it can be used as a ground sheet, as a 
cover for an equipment roll or worn over the shoulders 
as a protection against rain. 



ARMY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 73 

Pontoon Beidge 
A temporary bridge supported across a river or stream 
on boats. These boats and other material necessary 
are carried on specially constructed wagons in what is 
known as the Pontoon Train. The boats are either of 
wood or canvas on collapsible frames. 

Post Exchange 
A store established at a post or camp for the sale of 
refreshments and small articles needed by the soldiers. 
It is under control of an officer detailed for that pur- 
pose and all profits derived from sales are divided be- 
tween different messes of the units of the organization, 
for the purchase of extras not issued with the Army 
ration. 

Provost Marshal 
An officer detailed to preserve order in the neighbor- 
hood of a military post or with troops on the march. 
Should it be necessary for him to have further assist- 
ance than can be given by the Military Police, he may 
call for special details which are known as a Provost 
Guard. 

Rations 

Garrison and Field Rations 
Such articles as prescribed in the Manual of Sub- 
stance as it is possible to secure and to issue. 
Travel Rations 
An issue used by troops under transportation: 
Canned meat, 
Hard bread. 
Soft bread, 



74 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Beans, 

Canned Tomatoes, 

Jam, 

Coffee, 

Sugar, 

Salt, 

Condensed Milk. 
Reserve Rations 

Sometimes called Haversack Rations, Issued to 
troops to be carried on the march. 

Bacon or Canned Meat, 

Hard Bread, 

Coffee, 

Sugar, 

Salt. 
Emergency Rations 

Specially prepared Rations issued for emergencies. 
They will not be opened, except when ordered by an 
officer, or in an extremity, and will never be used 
when any other rations or food is available. 
The amount of rations to which a man is entitled has 
been raised to 42 cents a day, and a further increase is 
contemplated on account of the high cost of supplies. 
At the end of each month the amount of rations dra^vn 
by an organization is computed and the amount bal- 
anced with the ration allowance to which the organiza- 
tion is entitled according to its strength. An excess of 
the allowance must be made good from the company 
fund. If the allowance is underdra^vn organizations 
receive the amount of savings in cash. These rations' 



ARMY— EXPLANATOEY NOTES 



75 



savings become part of the company funds, but can only 
be expended in procuring for the mess additional ra- 
tions and luxuries not provided for in the prescribed 
issue of rations. 

Officers are not issued rations but are required to pay 
for their food. If messing with the men of their or- 
ganization they pay to the mess so much per day for 
the rations they consume. 



Relative Rank 

Army 
General 

Lieutenant-General 
Major-General 
Brigadier-General 



Colonel 

Lieutenant Colonel 

Major 

Captain 

1st Lieutenant 

2d Lieutenant 

Cadet 



Navy 

Admiral 

Vice-Admiral 

Rear Admiral 

No corresponding rank 
since Commodore has 
been abolished on active 
list 

Captain 

Commanders 

Lieutenant-Commander 

Lieutenant 

Lieutenant (Junior Grade) 

Ensign 

Midshipman 



In firing salutes and rendering honors, the officers of 
the Navy receive the same as those of relative rank 
in the Army. The duties of non-commissioned officers 
of the Army and the Warrant and Petty Officers of 
the Navy differ so that it is almost impossible to grade 



76 



ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 



them exactly. Relative rank is generally determined 
by the relative amount of pay received. 
Regimental Parade 
A ceremony performed by a regiment generally at 
sunset. 
Review 

Formation in honor of some individual when the or- 
ganizations pass before him mth full ceremony. 
Salutes 

Salutes vary from those rendered by individuals to 
the honoring of the saluted party by the firing of can- 
non. If the salute is given by an individual unarmed, 
it is made with the right hand. If by an individual 
armed, or by a body of troops armed, according to the 
prescribed regulations for the weapons carried in ren- 
dering honors. This also applies for organizations in 
ceremonial formations. 

If the salute is by cannon the following is prescribed : 
National and President's Salute 21 guns 

Vice President 

Foreign Ambassadors \- 19 guns 

Members of the Cabinet 

Governors of States and Territories 

Chief Justice of the United States 

Speaker of the House of Representatives f 17 guns 

General 

Admiral 

Assistant Secretaries of War and Navy 

Foreign Envoy and Ministers [ 15 guns 

Lieutenant-General or Vice Admiral 



ARMY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 77 



Ministers accredited to the United States 



13 guns 



Major-General or Rear-Admiral 

Charge d 'Affaires 

Brigadier-General I H guns 

On July 4th, when saluting one gun is fired for each 
State in the Union. 
Salutes by Guard 
Special honor is rendered by a guard relief off duty at 
tlie guard house to all general officers, the Commanding 
Officer of the Post or Camp, and the Officer of the Day 
On the approach of any of these officers the sentinel 
on duty at the guard house calls out ^'Turn out the 
Guard" and gives the rank of the officer to be saluted. 
The guard turns out and renders the prescribed salute. 
If the officer to be honored does not wish to have the 
guard turned out he calls ^' Never mind the Guard '' 
which the sentinel repeats. ' 

Scout 

A man specially selected to obtain information that has 
the f ollowmg qualifications : excellent physical condi- 
tion, acute eyesight, a good memory, intelligence to ob- 
serve quickly, and knowledge of maps and topographv. 
Signals ^ o 1- . 

Semaphore Signals 

The transmission of messages by the use of small 
red and white flags, one held in each hand. Certain 
combinations of position and movements denote cer- 
tain letters of the alphabet and numbers. 

Wig Wag 

The name given to flag signals which are made by 



78 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

the movement of signal flags to left, right or front 
of the individual waving it. The telegraphic code is 
generally used. The waving of the flag to the right 
of the holder denoting a dot ; to the left a dash, and 
to the front a space. At night lanterns are used in 
the same manner 

Heliograph Signals 

Are made by the use of mirrors which catch the sun's 
rays and make a brilliant flash. The telegraphic code 
is used. A short flash denoting a dot and a long 
flash a dash. At night a strong light is used which 
is flashed at short or long intervals as required to 
denote dots and dashes. 

Slicker 

A long oilskin coat issued to mounted troops which 
can be used for sleeping on damp ground as an equip- 
ment roll, or as a protection against rain. 

Staff Officer 

An officer w^hose duties are to serve as an assistant to 
an officer above the rank of Captain. Special Staff Of- 
ficers to a General are known as Aide de Camps. 

Summary Court 

Composed of one officer designated by the Commanding 
Officer of a post or organization before whom men who 
have had charges preferred against them are brought. 
The court has the power to inflict penalties for minor 
offenses, or to determine if a culprit should be sent be- 
fore a Court Martial. 



AEMY— EXPLANATOEY NOTES 79 

Standaeds 

See CoLOKs 
Tents 

Hospital 

A large tent held in place by two end, and a cross 
ridge pole. Used as its name signifies, and also for 
quarters for Generals and sometimes Field Officers. 

Pyramidal 

A square tent held in place by a single pole in the 
center. Provides quarters, if using cots, for a squad 
of eight (8) men but can accommodate double that 
number if necessary. A very easy tent to erect, as it 
requires only four corner pegs to keep it in place. 

Conical 
A round tent supported by a single pole in the center. 
Will accommodate 16 men sleeping like the spokes 
of a wheel, heads to edge of the tent, feet to the pole. 
A very hard tent to erect properly as it requires a 
large number of pegs to keep it in place. 

Shelter, generally called Dog Tents 

Tents carried by troops on the march for temporary 
shelter. Each man carries a half tent, two of which 
are laced together to accommodate both men. The 
tents are held in place at the end by jointed poles 
carried by the men, or rifles may be used. 

Wall 
A tent generally supported by two ends and a ridge 
pole. Generally used for line officers and the higher 
non-commissioned officers. Two people are generally 
assigned to a tent. 



ABBREVIATIONS 

The following abbreviations are used to designate De- 
partments, Corps, branches of the service, etc., in official 
papers and as means of designating them in conversa- 
tion: 



Adj. 


Adjutant 


Aero Sq. 


Aero Squadron 


A. G. 


Adjutant General 


Am. 


Ammunition 


Amb. Co. 


Ambulance Company 


Bn. 


Battalion 


Brig. 


Brigade 


Brig. Gen. 


Brigadier-General 


Capt. 


Captain 


Cav. 


Cavalry 


C. A. C. 


Coast Artillery Corps 


C. G. 


Commanding General 


C. E. 


Corps of Engineers 


Col. 


Colonel 


Co. 


Company 


C. 0. 


Commanding Officer 


Corp. 


Corporal 


C. of S. 


Chief of Staff 


C. S. 0. 


Chief Signal Officer 




80 



ARMY— ABBREVIATIONS 81 



D. a 

Div. 
D. R. 


Dental Corps 

Division 

Drill Regulation 


F. A. 

F. Hosp. 
F. 0. 
F. S. R. 


Field Artillery 

Field Hospital 

Field Order 

Field Service Regidations 


Gd. 
Gen. 
G. 0. 

G. S. 


Guard 
General 
General Orders 
General Staff 


H. A. 
Hv. A. 


Horse Artillery 
Heavy Artillery 


Inf. 
I. G. 
Insp. 
I. C. 


Infantry 

Inspector-General 

Inspector 

Inspected, Condemned 


J. A. 


Judge Advocate 


K. P. 


Kitchen Police 


Lt. 

Lt. Col. 

Lt. Gen. 


Lieutenant 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Lieutenant-General 



82 



ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 


M. A. 


Mountain Artillery/ 


Maj. 


Major 


Maj. Gen. 


Major-General 


M. C. 


Medical Corps 


M. G. C. 


Machine Gun Company 


M. 0. S. 


Mounted Orderly Section 


M. P. 


Military Police 


M. E. C 


Medical Reserve Corps 


M. S. 


Mess Sergeant 


Mus. 


Musician 


N. C. 0. 


Non-commissioned Officer 


0. D. 


Olive drab, used in designat- 




ing uniform or equipment. 




May he followed by the 




words ''Woolen'' or ''Cot- 




ton'' according to the ma- 


\ 


terial. 


Pon. Bn. 


Pontoon Battalion 


P. R. 


Porto Rico Regiment 


Priv. 


Private 


P. S. 


Philippine Scouts 


Q. M. 


Quartermaster 


Q. M. C. 


Quartermaster Corps 


Q. M. G. 


Quartermaster-General 


Regt. 


Regiment 


R. 0. 


Regimental Orders 


R. S. 


Recruiting Service 



ARMY— ABBREVIATIONS 83 



S. A. Am. 


Small Arms Ammunition 


S. C. 


Signal Corps 


Sgt. 


Sergeant 


Segt. Maj. 


Sergeant-Major 


S. G. 


Sergeant-General 


s. s. 


Supply Sergeant 


Sig. 0. 


Signal Officer 


S. 0. 


Special Order 


Sq. 


Squadron 


Surg. 


Surgeon 


Tel. Bn. 


Telegraph Battalion 


U. R. 


Uniform Regulations 


U. S. R. 


Reserve Officers^ Corps 



ARMY SLANG 

Bobtail Dischaege. A dishonorable discharge. 

Bucking foe Okdeely. Preparing uniforms and equip- 
ment to make a good appearance when an orderly is 
selected. 

BuNKiE. A soldier who shares a shelter tent with a com- 
rade. 

Coffee Coolee. One looking for an easy job. 

Dog Tent. Small shelter tent used in the field. 

Dough Boy. Infantry soldier. 

Dolled Up. Soldier dressed in his best clothes. 

Fogy. Increase of pay for long service. 

GuNNEE. An artillery soldier. 

Haed Tack. Hard bread or crackers. 

Hike. A march. 

K. P. Kitchen Police. A mild form of punishment. 

K. 0. Commanding Officer. 

Mule Skinnee. Teamster. 

NoN Com. Non-commissioned Officer. 

On the Caepet. Being brought up before an officer to 
be disciplined. 

Punk. Soft bread. 

EooKY. A recruit. 

Sow Belly. Bacon. 

Steikee. Soldier who does special work for an officer. 

Top Seegeant. 1st Sergeant. 

WiNDjAMMEES. Bandsmeu. 

Yellow Leg. Cavalry Soldier. 

84 



NAVY 



% 



ORGANIZATION 

The Navy of the United States is commanded by the 
President, as Commander-in-Chief, by right of office, and 
he may nominate, approved by Congress, such officers 
with the rank of Admiral and Vice-Admiral as he may 
consider necessary to properly officer the higher com- 
mands. The administration is in charge of the Secretary 
of the Navy, who is a member of the President's Official 
Cabinet. For administrative purposes the following di- 
visions are made : 

BuKEAu OF Naval Operations 
Prepares all plans for National defense for the mobi- 
lization of the forces and has general supervision of 
questions affecting the efficiency of the Navy. In 
charge of the Chief of Naval Operations. 

BuEEAu OF Navigation 
Keeps all records, has charge of all correspondence, 
the issuing of orders, notices, bulletins and official lit- 
erature. In charge of a Chief of Bureau. 

Office of the Judge Advocate 
Is custodian of all legal records and conducts all courts- 
martial, courts of inquiry, and naval commissions. In 
charge of a Judge Advocate General. 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

In charge of sick and wounded, and the physical and 

87 



88 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

sanitary condition of the Navy. In charge of a Surgeon 
General. 

Bureau of Yards and Docks 
In charge of all Navy Yards and stations. In charge 
of a Chief of Bureau. 

Bureau or Ordnance 

Supplies all armament, arms, equipment and other 
fighting material and maintains arsenals and depots 
for the manufacture and distribution and safe keeping 
of Naval stores. In charge of Chief of Ordnance. 

Bureau of Construction and Repairs 
In charge of the building of all naval vessels and their 
repairs. Naval Constructor, Chief of Bureau. 

Bureau of Supply and Accounts 

In charge of all matters of supply (other than ord- 
nance), transportation, distribution of funds, payment 
of officers and men. Paymaster General, Chief of 
Bureau. 

Bureau of Steam Engineering 
In charge of all the mechanical part of naval vessels, 
construction and repairs, of engines, etc. Engineer in 
Chief, Chief of Bureau. 

Hydrographic Office 
In charge of all charts and inf onuation relative to nav- 
igation. In charge of a Chief of Office. 

Bureau of Naval Militia Affairs 

In charge of all matters in connection with the Naval 
Militia. In charge of a Chief of Bureau. 



FIGHTING FORCE 

The organization of a ship's crew depends so much on 
the size of vessels that it is impossible to give them in 
detail in this limited space. The following detail giving 
the general organization of a battleship will show the 
duties of the different officers and men which in a general 
way applies down through the crews of smaller vessels. 
When assigned for shore service an organization is made 
as prescribed for Infantry of the Army according to the 
size of the force, Petty Officers acting in the various 
grades of non-commissioned officers. 

If small caliber guns are landed the organization of 
the artillery is according to special regulations pre- 
scribed by the Navy Department. 

When on shore duty, officers and men are armed and 
equipped as prescribed for infantry. 

ORGANIZATION OF A SHIP 

Captaik 

Commanding Officer. The Commanding Officer of a 
vessel is always called Captain, no matter what his 
rank may be. 

Executive Officer 
In full charge of the ship carrying out the Captain's 
instructions. 

89 



90 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

First Lieutenant 

In charge of the vessel, its cleanliness and good order. 
Under his direct command are the 

Master at Arms, 

Boatswains, 

Carpenters, 

Sailmakers, 

Shipwrights, 

Ship Fitters, 

Blacksmiths, 

Plumbers, 

Painters, 

Printers, and such 

Yeomen, 

Coxswains and 

Seamen as may be necessary. 
Navigator 
In charge of the navigation. Under his direct com- 
mand are the 

Quartermaster, 

Signalmen, and such 

Seamen as may be necessary. 
Ordnance Officer 
In charge of all the fighting force and armament. Un- 
der his direct command are Junior Officers in charge 
of the Divisions 

Gunners, 

Electricians, 

Turret Captains, and such 

Yeomen, 



NAVY— OKGANIZATION OF A SHIP 91 

Coxswains and 

Seamen as may be necessary. 

Engineer Officer 
In charge of engines and mechanical power. Under 
his direct command are the 

Assistant Engineer Officers, 

Machinists, 

AVater Tenders, 

Coppersmiths, 

Firemen, 

Oilers, 

Coal Passers, 

Blacksmith and such 

Yeomen and 

Seamen as may be necessary. 

Pay Officer 

In charge of distributing of all supplies, handling of 
all money and pay of officers and men. Under his di- 
rect command are 

Pay Clerks, 

Commissary Stewards, 

Cooks, 

Bakers, 

Messmen, and such 

Yeomen and 

Seamen as may be necessary. 

Medical Officer 
In charge of the health of the men and the sanitary 
condition of the ship. Under his command are 



92 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Junior Medical Officers, 
Hospital Stewards, 
Hospital Apprentices. 

Marine Officer 

In charge of the Marine Guard, and certain guns of 
small caliber. Under his command are 

Junior Marine Officers, 

Men of the Marine Guard. 



PLATE XVII. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES NAVY 




1 . Dress. 

2. Evening Dress. 



OiTiCEES, United States Navy 

3. Special Full Dress. 



93 



STRENGTH 

The strength of the Navy on January 1, 1917, was 
given as 58,309 officers and men. 

On May 8, 1917, the President was authorized to in- 
crease this to full war strength of 150,000 officers and 
men. 

The complement of ships and division into classes 
as noted also dates from January 1, 1917, but this num- 
ber has been largely augmented by T e acquiring of ad- 
ditional vessels from the mercantile marine. 

Full Commission, Januaky 1, 1917 

Battleships 14 

Armored Cruisers 3 

Cruisers 11 

Destroyers . ., 38 

Destroyers (operating with re- 
duced complement) 18 

Monitors 4 

Submarines 38 

Gunboats 18 

Transports ..,...;.......... . . 3 

Supply Ships 4 

Converted Yachts 5 

Tugs 47 

Tenders, Torpedo Vessels 5 

Special Service Vessels 13 

94 



NAVY— STKENGTH 95 

In Commission in Reserve 

Battleships .i. . .i , 20 

Armored Cruisers ...... .i 6 

Cruisers . . . .i. .i. . .,, . ., ......... 12 

Destroyers .......................... 13 

Monitors i. .,. 4 

Torpedo Boats ., 13 

Submarines . ., ,. . . . 3 

Special Service Vessels. ......... 6 

These vessels are manned by a skeleton crew 

but are available for immediate service on the 

ordering into Federal Service of the Naval 

Militia or Reserve. 

Out of Commission 

Battleships . ... . . 3 

Armored Cruisers ........... .i 1 

Cruisers 3 

Destroyers ......... .i ,. . .i. . . . 1 

Torpedo Boats 4 

Submarines ..,...,.. 1 

Gunboats 7 

Transports 1 

Fuel Ships 1 

Tenders, Torpedo Vessels 2 

Converted Yachts 9 

Special Service Vessels 9 

These vessels are at the various Navy Yards 

and stations and can be placed in commission in 

a very short time if required. 



96 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Under Construction and Authorized 

Battleships 13 

Battle Cruisers 6 

Scout Cruisers . ., 10 

Destroyers 36 

Submarines 100 

Gunboats . .,. . . . . .,. ,. . .,. . . . 2 

Fuel Ships ., 2 

Supply Ships 1 

Hospital Ships 1 

Ammunition Ships 2 

Tenders, Torpedo Vessels.. 3 

Repair Ships . ... . .,. 1 

Reserve Fleet and Coast Defense Reserve: In time 
of war or emergency the President may authorize the ac- 
quiring for the Navy by purchase or other means such 
vessels of the Merchant Marine as may be necessary to 
Naval purposes. In the above case the vessels are put 
in charge of officers of the Officers' Reserve Corps, and 
the Navy Department is authorized to enlist such men as 
are required to man them in a corps known as the Coast 
Defense Reserve. 



PLATE XYITI. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES NAVY 




Officers, United States Navy 



1. Service. 

2. White Service Uniform 



Equipped for Shore Duty. 
3. Overcoat. 



97 



SERVICE 

Officers: OflScers must be graduates of the Naval 
Academy at xinnapolis, or be appointed by the President. 
Midshipmen may enter between the ages of 16 and 20 
years, and on graduation are commissioned in the lower 
grades of the Navy according to merit. Each Senator, 
Representative and Delegate in Congress is entitled to 
have 3 Midshipmen at the Academy at one. time. The 
District of Columbia has two Midshipmen, and there are 
15 appointments-at-large specially conferred by the Pres- 
ident and 25 each year from the enlisted men of the Navy. 
These are recommended by the Secretary of the Navy 
after a competitive examination. All candidates for ap- 
pointments as Midshipmen must pass a physical and men- 
tal examination, and for each vacancy three candidates 
are appointed, one as Principal and tw^o Alternates. All 
take the examination at the same time, and if the Princi- 
pal fails to pass the appointment goes to the Alternate 
making the highest average of proficiency. 

On account of the technical knowledge required officers 
are rarely appointed directly into the regular service by 
the President, except under exceptional conditions. In 
time of war, or an enlargement of the Navy, or for other 
reason, temporary officers may be detailed from the Offi- 

98 



NAVY— SERVICE 99 

cers' Eeserve Corps. Officers are appointed to tliis who 
have served in the Regular Navy, Naval Militia, who are 
graduates of naval training schools, or who hold certifi- 
cates that show they are qualified to hold some marine 
appointment. An applicant is required to pass a physi- 
cal and mental examination before receiving an appoint- 
ment and on being commissioned is liable to be ordered 
on active duty at any time his services are required. 

Officers of the Naval Militia, if in the State Service, 
are Commissioned by the Governors of their respective 
States after passing a prescribed examination. If in the 
Federal Service enlisted men are recommended for com- 
missions and are appointed by the President as pre- 
scribed for Reserve Officers. Officers reaching the age of 
62 years are placed on the retired list at three-quarters 
of the pay of the grade in which they were retired. They 
may be ordered back to duty, if they offer their services 
in times of emergency, but can only serve in an adminis- 
trative position. 

An officer, after completing 30 years of active service, 
may be placed on the retired list at his own request, but 
is liable to be returned to duty in emergencies and be 
required to serve until he reaches the age limit. 

An officer, who from wounds or other causes becomes 
physically disabled and unable to perform his full duty, 
may be placed on the retired list by the recommenda- 
tion of a Medical Board. On making a complete recovery, 
he may be returned to the active list by. the same pro- 
cedure. An officer wishing to leave the Navy may re- 
sign and on his resignation being accepted by the Presi- 



100 ARMY AND NA^HT INFORMATION 

dent he completely severs his connection with the serv- 
ice. Retirements and resignations of the Officers^ Re- 
serve Corps, and the Naval Militia when in the Federal 
Service, follow the same course. Officers in the Naval 
Militia, not in the Federal Service, are retired and re- 
sign to the Governor of their respective States. 

Enlisted Men: Enlisted men entering the Navy as 
volunteers enlist for four years, between the ages of 
17 and 30 years. Boys under 17 may be enlisted for 
special reasons, but this cannot be done without special 
permission of the Navy Department. Minors under 18 
must have the consent of their parents or guardians, 
and minors over 18 must furnish a birth certificate or a 
verified written statement from their parents or guar- 
dians as to their age. By special order of the Presi- 
dent, should a state of w^ar exist, enlistment may be 
made for the duration of the war. Enlistments in the 
Naval Militia are covered by the same regulations, ex- 
cept the period is for three years. Enlisted men are 
placed on the retired list under the same conditions as 
officers. 



PLATE XIX. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES NAVY 




Enlisted Men, United States Navy 

1. Petty Officer, Dress. for Shore Duty. 

2. Service Uniform Equipped 3. Dress. 



101 



INSTRUCTION 



% 



The United States Naval Academy is situated at An- 
napolis, Maryland, and is a school for the practical and 
theoretical training for Midshipmen for Naval Service. 

Naval War College: Newport, Ehode Island. 



CREWS 

The number of officers and men composing the crews 
assigned to the various vessels varies so according to 
the size, armament and duty the vessels are called upon 
to perform that it is impossible to give the exact com- 
plement of the different types except in a most general 
way. 

The following figures give the numbers of an average 
crew of each type and are correct enough for the reader 
to get a general idea of their complement. On a differ- 
ent duty the assigned crews of the same vessel may vary 
in a small number, both in officers and men. The crews 
of the vessels not enumerated in the list can only be 
estimated according to the size and the duties to which 
they are assigned; 

102 



NAVY— CREWS 103 



Battleships 

Super dreadnaught Type 
110 Officers, 
940 Men, 
75 Marines. 

Dreadnaught Type 

95 Officers, 
790 Men, 
64 Marines. 
Ordinary Type 

75 Officers, 
730 Men, 
50 Marines. 

Armored Cruisers and Cruisers 

80 Officers, 



Destroyers 



810 Men, 

Marines according to duty 
assigned. 

14 Officers, 
90 Men. 



ARMAMENT 

The armament of naval vessels differs so according to 
the construction of the ship that it would be impossible to 
give it in detail without enumerating the equipment of 
each ship separately. These statistics, therefore, only 
cover the subject in its broadest sense, but are sufficient 
to give a general idea of the armament of the different 
class of vessels: 

Battleships 

Main Batteries: 

Four to twelve 6- to 14-inch Heavy Guns. 
Five to twenty-two large type Eapid Fire Guns. 

Secondary Batteries: 

Four to twenty-two Eapid Fire Guns. 
Two to four Anti-aircraft Guns. 
Two to four Torpedo Tubes. 

Armored Cruisers 
Main Batteries: 

Four 8- to 10-inch Heavy Guns. 

104 



NAVY— AEMAMENT 105 

Secondary Batteries: 

Eighteen to twenty-six Rapid-Fire Guns. 

Two to four Torpedo Tubes. 

Some equipped with Anti-circraft Guns. 

Cruisers 

Main Batteries: 

Two to fourteen 5- to 8-inch Heavy Guns. 

Secondary Batteries: 

Four to twenty-two Rapid-Fire Guns. 

Destroyers 
Batteries: 

Two to seven Rapid-Fire Guns. 
Two to four Torpedo Tubes. 

Monitors 

Main Batteries: 

Two to four 10- to 12-inch Heavy Guns. 

Secondary Batteries: 

Five to seven Rapid-Fire Guns. 

Gunboats 

Main Batteries: 

Four to six large type Rapid-Fire Guns. 
Secondary Batteries: 

Four to fifteen Rapid-Fire Guns. 

Torpedo Boats 

Batteries: 

Three to four Rapid-Fire Guns. 
Two to three Torpedo Tubes. 



106 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Submarines 

The armament differs almost with each one con- 
structed. In addition to the torpedo tubes, a few 
small guns are carried for use when operating 
above the surface of the w^ater. 

Special Service Vessels 

These are armed with small guns for protection only, 
but are not considered as fighting ships. 

Special Armament 

In addition to the regular armament, many ves^ 
sels carry small field pieces and machine guns for 
the equipment of boats and use of landing parties. 

Small Arms 

The small arms, both rifles and pistols, are the same 
as used by the Army and Marine Corps. 



PAY 

Officers and men are paid monthly. 
Base Pay 

Admiral . > .$1,125.00 

Viee-Admiral ..., 750.00 

Eear-Admiral , 666,66 

Captain ., 333.33 

Commander 283.33 

Lieutenant-Commander 250.00 

Lieutenant 200.00 

Ensig-n ., 141.66 

Midshipman 50.00 

Boatswains, Gunners, Sailmakers, 
Pharmacists, Machinists, Pay 

Clerks $125.00 to $187.50 

Mates 93.00 to 125.00 

Chief Machinist Mate, Chief Commis- 
sary Sergeant .,. $70.00 

Chief Master-at-Arms, Boilermaker. . . 65.00 
Chief Electrician, Chief Yoeman, Hos- 
pital Stewards , 60.00 

Ship Cooks, first class. Machinists, 

Mates, first class. Coppersmiths.... 55.00 

Band Master 52.00 

1Q7 



108 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Chief Boatswain's Mate, Chief Turret 
Captain, Chief Gunner's Mate, Chief 
Carpenter's Mate, Chief Water Ten- 
der, Turret Captains, first-class Elec- 
tricians, 1st class Blacksmiths 50.00 

Plumbers and Fitters, Bakers, 1st class 45.00 
Master-at-Arms, 1st class. Boatswain's 
Mates, 1st class. Gunner's Mates, 1st 
class. Quartermasters, 1st class. Sail- 
maker's Mates, Carpenter's Mate, 1st 
class. Painters, 1st class. Yeoman, 1st 
class. Machinist's Mates, 2d class. 
Electricians, 2d class, Shipfitters, 

Ship Cooks, 2d class 40.00 

Oilers , 37.00 

First Musicians . . ., , , 36.00 

Master-at-Arms, 2d class. Boatswain's 
Mates, 2d class, Gunner's Mates, 2d 
class. Quartermasters, 2d class, Fire- 
men, 1st class, Bakers, 2d class, Car- 
penter's Mates, 2d class. Painters, 2d 
class. Yeoman, 2d class, Bakers, 2d 

class 35.00 

Musicians, 1st class 32.00 

Master-at-Arms, 3d class. Coxswains, 
Gunner's Mates, 3d class, Quarter- 
masters, 3d class. Electricians, 3d 
class. Carpenters, 3d class. Painters, 
3d class. Yeoman, 3d class. Hospital 
apprentices, 1st class. Firemen, 2d 



NAVY—PAY 109 

class, Musicians, 2d class. Buglers, 

Ship Cooks, 3d class. 30.00 

Seaman Gunners , 26.00 

Ship Cooks, 4th class 25.00 

Seaman 24.00 

Coal Passers 22.00 

Hospital Apprentices 20.00 

Ordinary Seamen 19.00 

Apprentice Seamen, Landsmen ...... 16.00 

Messmen's Branch 

Cabin and Ward Room Stewards 50.00 

Cabin and Ward Room Cooks 45.00 

Steerage Stewards . .,. 35.00 

Warrant Officers^ Stewards, Steerage 
Cooks, Warrant Officers' Cooks, Mess 

Attendants, 1st class .... 30.00 

Mess Attendant, 2d class. .,. 25.00 

Mess Attendant, 3d class , 20.00 

If Not Citizens of the United States 

Mess Attendant, 1st class . 24.00 

Mess Attendant, 2d class ... 20.00 

Mess Attendants, 3d class. ., 16.00 

Officers : There shall be allowed and paid each com- 



er-:. 



missioned officer below the rank of Rear- Admiral, 10 70 
increase of his yearly pay for each term of 5 years' serv- 
ice, known as longevity pay. The total amount of such 
pay shall in no case exceed 40% of the base pay. 

All officers on sea duty and on duty beyond the conti- 
nental limits of the United States shall receive 10% in- 
crease of pay while so serving. 



PLATE XX. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES NAVY 



4 



>6 





17 



18 




22 




^. 





19 




23 




24 




26 



27 



20 




21 





^^ 



28 



110 



NAVY— INSIGNIA 



111 



Insignia of Rank and Devices, Navy 



Epaulettes. Worn by all commis- 
sioned officers. 

1. Admiral of the Navy. 

2. Admiral. 

3. Vice-Admiral. 

4. Rear Admiral. 

5. Captain. 

Insignia of Rank. Worn on pad 
of epaulette and collar of 
service coat. See PLATE 
IV. 

6. Commander. 

7. Lieutenant-Commander. 
Gold leaf. 

8. Lieutenant. 

9. Lieutenant Junior Grade. 
Ensign. Plain pad and col- 
lar. 

Department Devices. Worn on 
arm of epaulette and collar 
of service coat instead of 
anchor. See PLATE IV, 

10. Medical Officer. 

11. Pay Officer. 

12. Professor of Mathematics. 



13. Naval Constructor. 

14. Civil Engineer. 

15. Dental Officer. 

Devices. Worn on collar of serv- 
ice coat. 

16. Chaplain. 

17. Chief Boatswain. 

18. Chief Gunner. 

19. Chief Machinist. 

20. Chief Carpenter. 

21. Chief Sailmaker, and Sail- 
makers. 

22. Chief Pharmacist, and 
Pharmacists. 

23. Paymaster's Clerk. 

24. Mate. 

Chevrons for Petty Officers. De- 
vice under the eagle denotes 
branch to which officer be- 
longs. 

25. Chief Petty Officer. 

26. Petty Officer Second Class. 

27. Petty Officer Third Class. 

28. Petty Officer First Class. 



PLATE XXI. INSIGNIA— UNITED STATES NAVY AND 

MARINE CORPS 







15 



9 



16 



10 



17 







W2? 



7 



11 



18 



12 



19 



13 

\2U 




14 



21 







O 



41 



42 




^ 



43 



44 







45 



46 



47 



48 



49 



Devices, NA\Tr and Insignia of Rank and Devices, Marine Corps 
Specialty Marks. Worn by a 1. Master at Arms. 



Petty Officer under the eagle 
on the chevron, by others 
on the sleeve. 



2. Boatswain's Mate, Cox- 
swain. 

3. Quartermaster. 



112 



NAVY— INSIGNIA 



113 



4. Blacksmith, Shipfitter. 

5. Sailmaker's Mate. 

6. Printer. 

7. Carpenter's Mate, Phimber, 
Fitter, Painter. 

8. Turret Captain. 

9. Gunner's Mate. 

10. Chief Yeoman. 

11. Yeoman, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd 
Class. 

12. Electrician. 

13. Machinist's Mate, Boiler- 
maker, Water Tender, Cop- 
persmith, Oiler. 

14. Hospital Steward, Hospital 
Apprentice. 

15. Bandmaster, Musician. 

MARINE 

Epaulettes. Gold with rank in- 
signia in silver. Worn by 
all officers, except staff' de- 
partments, in special full 
dress. 

27. Major-General. 

Insignia of Rank. On arm of 
epaulette, shoulder knot and 
strap. 

28. Brigadier-General. 

29. Colonel. 

30. Lieutenant-Colonel. 

31. Major. Gold Leaf. 

32. Captain. 

33. First Lieutenant. 

Second Lieutenant. Plain 
epaulette, knot and strap. 

34. Shoulder Knots. Worn hy 
all officers except staff de- 
partments, in full dress. 
Gold with rank insignia in 
silver. 



16. Commissary Steward. 

17. Ship Cook, Baker, Officer's 
Cook, Officer's Steward. 

18. Bugler. 

19. Seaman Gunner. 

20. Gun Pointer. 

21. Radio Operator. 

22. Navy E. Worn by such 
men as have been rated 
"Excellent" in some ship 
competition. 

23. Torpedo Man. 

24. Gun Captain. 

25. Ex Apprentice. 

26. First Class Gun Pointer. 
When worn above regular 
mark. 

CORPS. 

35. Shoulder Kjiots. Worn by 
staff departments. Device of 
department below rank in- 
signia. 

36. Adjutant and Inspector's 
Department. 

37. Quartermaster Department. 

38. Paymaster Department. 

39. Aide de Camp. 
Chevrons. Worn by non-commis- 
sioned officers. 

40. Gun Pointer. 

41. Sergeant Major. 

42. Band Leader. 

43. Quartermaster Sergeant. 

44. Sergeant, Paymaster De- 
partment. 

45. Drum Major. 

46. Gunnery Sergeant. 

47. Fii-st Sergeant. 

48. Sergeant. 

49. Corporal. 



114 ARMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION 

Enlisted Men: On reenlisting, an enlisted man re- 
ceives $5.00 a month additional pay on his first reenlist- 
ment and $3.00 additional to his pay on all subsequent 
reenlistments. 

Extra allowances are also made as follows: Holders 
of good conduct medals, 75c a month and an additional 
75c a month for each bar. 

Special allowances are also to be made for Marksman- 
ship, Gunnery, Special Service in Submarine and in Avi- 
ation Service, the amounts of which were, in July, 1917, 
under consideration by the Secretary of the Navy. 

Commencing June 1, 1917, and continuing until the ter- 
mination of the present emergency, the pay of enlisted 
men in active service is increased as follows — the amount 
figured on base pay: 

Those men who do not receive over $21.00 a month, 
$15.00 additional per month. 

Those who receive $24.00 to $30.00, $12.00 a month 
additional. 

Those who receive over $40.00, $6.00 a month addi-- 
tional. 



UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENTS 

Officeks are required to purchase their own uniforms 
and equipments and to keep themselves supplied with the 
required articles at all times. 

Enlisted Men receive on joining a clothing and equip- 
ment issue and a uniform allowance in the same manner 
as prescribed for the Army. This issue varies so accord- 
ing to the particular service to which a man is detailed 
that it is impossible to enumerate it here. 

Uniforms will be worn by officers and men at all times 
when on shipboard or within the confines of a naval sta- 
tion. In times of peace officers are permitted to wear 
civilian 's clothes when going ashore or leaving the station 
limits, and enlisted men only by special permission when 
leaving on an authorized furlough. In time of war uni- 
forms are worn at all times. 

The Naval Militia uniforms and equipment conform to 
those worn by the Kegular Navy, except where the star 
is used as a rank designation on sleeve or shoulder-strap 
it is surrounded by a circle. Uniforms, insignia of rank, 
devices, etc., as prescribed by the uniform regulations, 
are shown in the accompanying plates. There is, how- 

115 



116 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

ever, certain information which cannot be shown in illus- 
tration, which is noted below. 

Officers: Aiguillettes (of gold and black cord) are 
worn on the left shoulder by aides to the President and 
aides to the Governors of States ; and on the right shoul- 
der by the personal staff of Flag Officers, Aides to Com- 
mandants and Naval Attaches when on duty with an Am- 
bassador or Minister. They will be worn at all times on 
the full dress and social full dress coats and on the serv- 
ice white coats, and overcoat when on duty. 

Reserve Officers: Officers of the Reserve Corps and 
Coast Defense Reserve are required to have the service 
and white uniforms only, but may equip themselves with 
a complete uniform, if they so desire, for use on such 
occasions as it may be proper to appear in such uni- 
forms. Uniforms are not worn by Reserve Officers, ex- 
cept on duty, unless ordered into the Federal Service, 
when they conform to the Naval Regulations. 

Enlisted Men: Chevrons and arm devices are worn 
on the arm just above the elbow. All men who have 
served a full period of enlistment will wear on his dress 
shirt, just above the cutf, a service stripe of red cloth. 
For each additional term of enlistment an additional 
stripe is added. 

Miscellaneous Information: Medals are worn by offi- 
cers on full dress coats at all times and by men on the 
dress shirt on occasions of ceremony. The Medal of 
Honor is worn pendant below the necktie by officers in 
social full dress. Ribbons only will be worn on all other 
uniforms. No medals or ribbons are permitted on the 



NAVY— UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENTS 117 

overcoat. Officers and men on land duty when organ- 
ized as prescribed for infantry of the Army wear the 
regular equipment as prescribed for troops. No khaki 
or olive-drab colored uniforms are prescribed for the 
Navy, but one is contemplated. On certain land service 
recently that the Navy was required to perform, the 
white uniforms worn made a conspicuous target for the 
enemy. The experiment was tried with success of soak- 
ing the uniforms in coffee before using, which gave them 
the required inconspicuous color. 



NAVAL MILITIA 

The Naval Militia consists of the regular commissioned 
and enlisted militia of the various States, organized, 
armed and equipped for the corresponding branches of 
the service in the Eegular Navy. The Naval Militia in 
time of peace is maintained by the respective States, 
which in addition to State money expended receives an- 
nually an appropriation and certain equipment from the 
Government according to the numbers and efficiency of 
their organization. When in State service officers are 
commissioned by their respective Governors, and are 
transferred to the retired list or resign accordingly. 
When in the Federal Service they have the same stand- 
ing as regular Naval Officers and are under the Naval 
Regulation. 

Enlisted Men : Enlistment is for 3 years, for men of 
from 18 to 35 years of age. Enlisted men either in State 
or Federal Service are enlisted, retired and discharged 
as prescribed for enlisted men of the Regular Navy. 

The Navy Department supplies to the different State 
organizations war vessels that are out of Government 
commission but are kept in commission by the Militia 

118 



NAVY— NAVAL MILITIA 119 

and used for headquarters and training purposes. In 
time of peace the Militia are required to carry out cer- 
tain plans of drills, maneuvers, rifle practise and cruises, 
either in their own vessels or as part of the crews of 
regular vessels in Government Conmiission, as may be 
prescribed by the Bureau of Naval Militia Affairs. Offi- 
cers from the Regular Navy are detailed to the various 
States having a Naval Militia and on their reports as to 
efficiency depends the annual appropriation and issue of 
equipment. 

The uniform of the Naval Militia is the same as pre- 
scribed for the Regular Navy, except that the officers 
wear with their designation of rank a gold star in a cir- 
cle of narrow gold cord. 

Strength : Twenty-four States and Territories main- 
tain a Naval Militia, the strength of which on January 
1, 1917, was given as in Column A. In April all States 
were ordered to recruit their organization to full war 
strength, which will bring the numbers in each State as in 
column B: 

Column A Column B 

California 887 1,300 

Connecticut , 388 700 

District of Columbia 201 400 

Florida 281 700 

Hawaii 1 

Illinois 561 2,900 

Louisiana ,. . 296 650 

Maine 172 600 



120 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Column A Column B 

Maryland 194 700 

Massacliusetts 748 1,800 

Michigan 496 1,000 

Minnesota 439 1,200 

Missouri 228 300 

New Jersey 442 1,400 

New York 1,498 4,500 

North Carolina 210 450 

Ohio 294 2,400 

Oregon 192 500 

Pennsylvania 163 10,000 

Rhode Island 204 500 

South Carolhia 210 500 

Texas 54 500 

Washington 324 700 

Wisconsin 82 

8,517 24,700 



EXPLANATORY NOTES 

Battleship 

Heavily armored carrying heavy guns. A fighting ves- 
sel. Sometimes designated Dreadnaughts or Super- 
dreadnaughts to classify their armor and armament. 

Ckuisees 
Less heavily armored, carrying lighter guns and ca- 
pable of high speed. 

Destkoyeks 

Are not armored, carry guns of small caliber, are very 
fast and the scout vessels of the Navy. 

Divisions 
Fleet or Flotilla Divisions 

If the size of a fleet or flotilla is very large it may be 
divided into divisions, in which case each division is 
under its own division commander, who transmits 
to the vessels the instructions of the fleet or flotilla 
commander. 

Ship Divisions 

The fighting force of a ship is divided in divisions in 
size and the armament. A Division corresponds in a 
general way to a Company in the Army, is com- 
manded by commissioned officers with the proper 
complement of Junior and Petty Officers for its or- 
ganization. 

121 



122 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Flag Lieutenant 
An officer serving on the staff of a Flag Officer as his 
personal aide. 

Flag Officer 
An officer who is entitled by his rank to have his pres- 
ence designated by a flag. 

Fleet 
A number of vessels sailing and maneuvering under 
one commander. Generally applied to vessels of the 
larger classes. 

Flotilla 

The name generally given to a fleet of vessels of the 
smaller classes — destroyers, torpedo boats and sub- 
marines. 

Hydeo Aekoplane 
An aeroplane designed to use and alight on the water. 
Sometimes called a Seaplane. 

Hydroplane 
A fast motor boat with a specially designed bottom, 
which skims along the surface of the water. 

Mother Ship 
A name given to a vessel that may accompany destroy- 
ers, torpedo boats and submarines for the purpose of 
carrying such surplus supplies and stores which they 
may need for long cruises and which their limited size 
prevents them from carrying on board. 

Officer of the Deck 
The officer who is on duty and is for the time being 



NAVY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 123 

in charge of the ship. This duty is continuous and is 
divided among those officers whose positions rank them 
as watch officers. 

QuABTER Deck 
Part of the deck that may be defined by the Command- 
ing Officer of the vessel. Its limits embrace so much 
of the main or other appropriate deck as is necessary 
for the proper conduct of official and ceremonial func- 
tions. 

Relathte Rank : See under Explanatory Notes, Army. 

Salutes: See under Explanatory Notes, Army. 

Special honors are rendered by the dipping of the 
ship's colors. On coming on board a ship those en- 
titled to a salute by cannon are received at the gang- 
way by a guard of honor known as Side Boys. Their 
numbers are as follows: 

For those entitled to a salute of 15 guns or more, 8 
boys. 

For those saluted with 13 or 11 guns, 6 boys. 
All officers and men whenever reaching the quarter- 
deck from the shore or from another part of the ship 
salute the National Ensign. When making the salute 
they stop and face the colors. 

Signals 
SemapJiore: The transmission of messages by the use 
of small red and yellow flags or a specially constructed 
machine on which lights are placed at night. Certain 
combinations of the positions of the flags and arms of 



124 AEMY AND NAVY INFOEMATION 

the machine denote certain letters of the alphabet and 
numbers. 

Wig Wag: The name given to flag signals which are 
made by movement of a signal flag to the right and left 
or front of the individual waving it. The telegraphic 
code is generally used. The waving of the flag to the 
right of the holder denoting a dot — to the left a dash 
and to the front a space. 

Flag Signals : Made by colored flags which denote let- 
ters and numbers, hoisted one above the other on a 
mast so they can be readily read. 

Night Signals: At night letters and numbers are 
made by certain combinations of colored lights, as well 
as the colored semaphore lights. These flashing lights 
(Ardois Lights) are generally known in the Navy as 
^^ Winking Johnnies." 

Searchlight: Signaling is also done at long range 
by the rays of searchlights. Certain movements of the 
ray and flashing or shutting off of the light, denoting- 
certain letters and numbers. 

Submarines 
A vessel that can travel under as well as on the surface 
of the water. "When submerged the boat is maneuvered 
by use of a periscope, a vertical, prismatic telescope of 
very small diameter, which projects but a few feet 
above the surface and can only be distinguished at a 
short distance. 



NAVY— EXPLANATORY NOTES 125 

In order to submerge water is permitted to run into 
large tanks in the bottom of the boat and the water is 
forced out by powerful pumps when it is desired to 
come to the surface. Diving rudders are used to hasten 
the process. Each submarine is provided with steel 
cylinders of compressed air which is gradually liber- 
ated for the use of the crew when submerged. 

Special Customs 

The starboard gangway is used by commissioned offi- 
cers and their visitors only. The port gangway is 
used by all other persons. 

In entering a boat the junior goes first and other 
officers follow in order of reverse rank. In leaving a 
boat the senior goes first. 

The commanding officer of a vessel always takes his 
meals in private unless some officers are invited to be 
his guests. He does not take a meal at any of the vari- 
ous ship's messes unless specially invited to do so. 

When boats or launches are going in the same di- 
rection an inferior does not pass a superior unless he 
has the latter 's permission to do so. When approaching 
a landing or vessel the inferior gives way to the su- 
perior. When boats or launches are approaching from 
opposite directions the rule is to pass to the right. 

When the President, the Ruler of a foreign power 
or those members of the Cabinet entitled to a distinc- 
tive flag are visiting a vessel, the proper flag is dis- 
played at the main during the period they are on board. 
If saluting a foreign power, the flag of the country sa- 
luted is displayed in a like manner. 



126 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Torpedo Boats 
Small, swift boats armed with torpedoes. 

Tbain 
The name given to those auxiliary vessels, Repair, 
Fuel, Hospital, etc., that may accompany a fleet or flo- 
tilla. 

Watches 

The guard duty on board of ship is known as watches, 
which are generally divided into terms of four hours' 
duration. 



MARINE CORPS 



ORGANIZATION 

The United States Marine Corps is an independent 
branch of the military service, and though under the di- 
rection of the Navy Department, may be detailed by or- 
der of the President for service with the Army. The 
duties assigned to the Marine Corps are to garrison the 
Navy Yards and Naval Stations and the defenses erected 
for their protection. To furnish to all battleships and 
cruisers and other vessels, when necessary, a detachment 
for guard duty and also to assist in the handling of the 
ships ' guns. A mobile force is also always held in readi- 
ness at the Marine Barracks as the first line for foreign 
service when the occasion may arise. The Corps is or- 
ganized as prescribed for Infantry and Artillery (serv- 
ing dismounted) in the Army Regulations. Officers and 
men wear the same designating rank as the army with 
some slight exceptions, and are armed with the service 
pistol and rifle. 

The corps is commanded by a Major-General and the 
Administrative Departments are as follows: 

Adjutant and Inspectok^s Department 

Keeps all records and has charge of correspondence, 
the issuing of orders, notices and bulletins and official 
literature. Exercises general supervision over all mat- 

129 



130 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

ters of efficiency, conduct and discipline, condition of 
uniforms, equipment, supplies and expenditure of pub- 
lic money. In charge of an Adjutant and Inspector 
General. 

QUABTEKMASTER^S DEPARTMENT 

In charge of all matters of supply and transportation. 
In charge of a Quartermaster-General. 
Pay Department 

In charge of the distribution of funds and payment of 
troops. In charge of a Paymaster General. 



PLATE XXII. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 




Officers, United States Marine Corps 

1. Special Full Dress. 3. Field Service. 

2. Undress. 



131 



STRENGTH 

The strength of the Marine Corps on January 1, 1917, 
was 

15,627 officers and men. 

On May 8, 1917, the President was authorized to in- 
crease this number to full war strength of 
30,000 officers and men. 

SERVICE 

Officers : Officers are appointed from midshipmen of 
the Naval Academy who may select this branch of the 
service on graduation, or by the President from wor- 
thy non-commissioned officers or directly from civil life. 
Appointees must be between the ages of 21 and 25 years 
and are required to pass a physical and mental exami- 
nation before they can be commissioned. Officers are 
retired and resign as prescribed for officers of the Navy. 

Enlisted Men: The term of enlistment is 4 years. 
Applicants can be between the ages of 18 and 35 years 
and must pass a certain physical and mental examina- 
tion. A minor must have the consent of a parent or 
guardian. Enlisted men are discharged and retired as 
prescribed for the enlisted men of the Navy. 

132 



PAY 

Officers and men are paid monthly 

Major-General $666.60 

Brigadier-General 500.00 

Colonel 333.33 

Lieutenant-Colonel 291.67 

Major 250.00 

Captain 200.00 

1st Lieutenant 166.67 

2d Lieutenant 141.67 

Band Leader 75.00 

Musician, 1st class 60.00 

Musician, 2d class 50.00 

Sergeants, 1st Sergeants . . . . \ 

Sergeant's Major Quartermaster 45.00 

Drum Majors, Gunnery Sergeants 

Sergeant 30.00 

Corporal 21.00 

Private, Drummer, Trumpeter 16.00 

There shall be allowed and paid each officer below the 
rank of Brigadier General 10% additional of his current 
yearly pay for each term of five years' service. The 
total amount of such increase shall in no case exceed 
40%, This is known as Longevity Pay. 

133 



134 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

While on service outside the Continental limits of the 
United States, officers receive 10% additional pay while 
so serving. 

Enlisted Men : On reenlisting, an enlisted man re- 
ceives $4.00 a month additional for each reenlistment up 
to and including his 7th. 

Extra allowances are also made as follows : 
Holders of good conduct medals 75c, a month and an 
additional 75c. a month for each additional bar. 
For efficiency in marksmanship, monthly 

Marksman $2.00 

Sharpshooters 3.00 

Expert Riflemen 5.00 

The same increase in pay for the war as applicable to 
the Army and Navy also applies to the Marine Corps. 



PLATE XXIII. UNIFORMS— UNITED STATES MARINE 

CORPS 




Enlisted Men, United States Marixe Coups 

1. Overcoat. 3. Dress. 

2. Field Service. 



135 



UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT 

Officees are required to purchase their own uniforms 
and equipments and keep themselves supplied with the 
required articles at all times. 

Enlisted Men receive on joining a clothing and equip- 
ment issue and a uniform allowance in the same manner 
as prescribed for the dismounted troops of the Army, 
omitting the breast cord and adding an additional white 
body belt. White uniforms, also, are a part of the regu- 
lar issue and not issued only to troops going to tropical 
climates. Uniforms will be worn by officers and men at 
all times on board ship or within the confines of a naval 
station. In times of peace officers are permitted to wear 
civilian's clothes when going ashore, or leaving station 
limits, and enlisted men, by special permission, when 
leaving on an authorized furlough. In time of war uni- 
forms are worn at all times. 

The organization of the Naval Militia in some States 
includes marines. They wear the prescribed uniforms 
of the Eegular Corps. The wearing of insignia of rank 
— chevrons, devices, medals, ribbons, aiguilettes, are as 
prescribed for the army. 

Officers of the Marine Reserve Corps are required to 
have the undress service and white uniforms and equip- 
ments only. They do not wear uniforms, except on spe- 
cial occasions, unless ordered into the Federal Service, 
when they conform to the Marine Eegulations. 

136 



NURSES CORPS (FEMALE) 

ARMY AND NAVY 

Consists of Superintendents for two branches of the 
Service appointed respectively by the Secretaries of War 
and Navy. They must be graduates of a hospital train- 
ing school and must pass a required examination. Such 
enlisted nurses as may be required are appointed by the 
Surgeons General of the Army and Navy. Appointees 
must be graduates of a hospital training school, and be- 
fore receiving an appointment must pass a mental and 
physical examination. 

Monthly Pay 

Superintendent , $150.00 

Nurses 50.00 

with $5.00 a month increase for each three years of 

service. 

When a nurse is in charge of a hospital she is known 

as a Matron and receives $10.00 a month extra pay 



while so acting. 



137 



FOREIGN ARMIES AND NAVIES 



INTRODUCTION 

With the various changes the present war has brought 
about and the uncertainty as to the truth of the general 
information obtainable, it is impossible to give any sta- 
tistics in regard to the armies and navies of the belliger- 
ent powers that would be positively authentic. In com- 
piling the following the author has taken the informa- 
tion given from several sources (all of which differ), and 
has done the best to strike an average that he trusts, if 
not exactly accurate, will be near enough to give the 
reader a general idea of the relative strength of the dif- 
ferent land and sea forces. The estimates were made 
as for January 1, 1917. 

Naval vessels, except submarines, conform in a gen- 
eral way to the same types in the American Navy and 
have approximately similar armament and crews. As 
to submarines, their development has been such that even 
the most expert naval authorities find it difficult to keep 
in close touch with the subject. 

141 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

Aemy: Estimated number of men under arms, 
3,000,000. 

Rifle : Manlicher. 

Field Uniform: A bluish gray, known as cadet gray, 
and almost identical with the color worn by the cadets 
at the Military Academy at West Point and various mili- 
tary schools in this country. It is extremely serviceable 
and blends well with the rocky backgrounds of the moun- 
tainous frontiers along which the army is generally 
called to operate. The coats are held in place with hooks 
or buttons concealed by a fly and the fastenings are not 
visible. 

Branches of the service and organizations are desig- 
nated by color or combinations of color shown in patches 
on the collar. Almost every organization has its dis- 
tinctive patch, and these patches are so varied, and of 
such a number that it is almost impossible, even for those 
actually in the service, to familiarize themselves with 
more than those of the organizations with w^hich they 
come into immediate contact. 

Medals and decorations are freely awarded and may 
be worn on the uniform on certain occasions; at other 
times the ribbons are substituted. 

142 



PLATE XXIV. UNIFORMS— AUSTRIAN, TURKISH AND 
BULGARIAN ARMIES 




Field Service Uniform, Austrian, Turkish, and Bulgarian Armies 

1. Austrian Infantry. 3. Bulgarian Infantry. 

2. Turkish Infantry. 



143 



144 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Navy 

Battleships, 15 

Cruisers, 12 

Destroyers, 18 

Torpedo Boats, 63 

Submarines, no record. 
Naval Bases: Cattero, Pola, Trieste — all on the Adri- 
atic. 



PLATE XXV. UNIFORMS— BELGIAN AND ITALIAN 

ARMIES 




Field Service Uniform, Belgian and Italian Armies 

1. Belgian Infantiy. 3. Italian Infantry. 

2. Belgian Officer. 



145 



PLATE XXVI. INSIGNIA— BELGIAN ARMY 




['A',",',v..j.v.'.'q 




/,V/,-',7V,''V,'r 




h'^r.'TTrjrrrri 




^ 














'r::uiJi'22;:jA 








\'i::;m777r7ri 


V/77777Tr77mA 





10 



11 



12 



15 



n 



15 




17 





21 






25 



26 



Insignia of Rank and Devices, Belgian Army 

Insignia. Worn on collars. 3. Colonel. 

1. General of Division. 4. Lieutenant-Colonel. 

2. General of Brigade. 5. Major. 



146 



BELGIUM 

Army: Estimated number of men under arms, 350,- 
000. 

Rifle: Mauser. 

Field Uniform: At the beginning of the present war 
the army had no field service uniform and had made only 
minor changes in many years in the style and colors of 
the uniforms worn. In 1914, when mobilized for the war, 
they went into the field in heavy leather, brass-mounted 
shakos, high bearskin busbys, braided and gaudily 
trimmed coats of conspicuous colors, the officers easily 
distinguished by their shining gold epaulettes and equip- 
ment. Well as the Belgian army did at the time of the 



6. 


Commandant. Three stars 


13. 


Quartermaster Sergeant. 




gold. 


14. 


Sergeant. 


7. 


Captain. Two stars gold, 


15. 


Corporal. 




one silver. 


Devices. Worn on collar or arm. 


8. 


First Lieutenant. 


16. 


Grenadier. 


9. 


Second Lieutenant. Star in 


17. 


Engineer. 




gold. 


18. 


Balloonist. 




Adjutant. One star in sil- 


19. 


Railway Regiment. 




ver. 


20. 


Pontoonier. 


Chevrons. Worn hy non-commis- 


21. 


Cyclist. 




sioned officers. 


22. 


Bandsman. 


10. 


First Sergeant Major. 


23. 


IMotor Corps. 


11. 


Sergeant Major. 


24. 


Aviator. 


12. 


First Sergeant. 


25. 


Interpreter. 




26. Medical Service. 




147 





148 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

German invasion, there is no doubt that they would have 
accomplished much more, and their casualties would 
have been much smaller had they been less conspicuous 
in the field. This great fault was remedied as soon as 
possible and the army uniformed and equipped in khaki- 
colorcv^ clothing, almost the same as the British, but fol- 
lowing more the French lines in cut. 

The grades of the officers and non-commissioned offi- 
cers correspond in a general way to the French service, 
except that there is the commissioned officer, known as 
the Commandant, who ranks between a Major and Cap- 
tain. The position and duties of a company adjutant are 
as explained for the French army. 

Navy: Belgium has no navy. 



BULGARIA 

Akmy: Estimated number of men under arms, 400,- 
000. 

Rifle : Mannlicher. 

Field Uniform: The Bulgarian field service uniform 
follows the Kussian in material, cut and equipment so 
closely that previous to the present war, unless one was 
familiar with minor details, it was almost impossible to 
distinguish them apart. If any changes have been made 
recently, no information in regard to them is obtainable. 

Navy : Bulgaria has no navy. 



149 



FRANCE 

Army : Estimated number of men under arms, 4,000,- 
000. 

Rifle : Lebel. 

Field Uniform: Though the French army had been 
experimenting with field service uniforms for many 
years, no definite decision had been reached in 1914, and 
the troops entered the war with the blue coats, red trou- 
sers and conspicuous head-gear that differed little from 
the Franco-German war period of 41 years before. There 
is no doubt that this was the cause of much unnecessary 
loss of life, and as rapidly as possible the troops were 
equipped with a field service uniform. For the home 
troops a grayish blue cloth was selected, which was con- 
sidered the most effective for the country in which the 
armies were operating. For the colonial troops, whose 
service might be in other surroundings, the khaki color, 
as worn by the British, was adopted. 

The general cut of the uniforms conformed to those 
worn when the war began, but all unnecessary braiding, 
insignia of rank, devices, etc., were abolished, and the 
marks necessary to designate rank and organizations 
were the simplest possible. As a part of the new field 

150 



PLATE XXVII. UNIFORMS— FRENCH ARMY 




Field Service Uniform, French Army 

1. Cavalry. 3. Infantry. 

2. Officer. Off-duty Uniform. 



151 



PLATE XXVIII. INSIGNIA— FRENCH ARMY 






1^ 



T^^iir 



^ 



10 



c;^*^ 



11 



IIIIHHIII 




^ 



12 



13 



14 




15 



^ 



16 



S 





17 



18 



19 



1 


4) 


._ 



20 



0O> 



21 



22 



S 



■Cs 



& 



25 



24 



25 




26 



27 



28 



Insignia of Rank and Devices, French Army 

Insignia. Worn on arm just 2. General of Division. 
above cuff. 3. General of Brigade. 

1. General. 4. Colonel. 



152 



ARMIES AND NAVIES— FRANCE 



153 



(Service equipment the troops of the fighting force were 

i issued steel helmets as a protection against shrapnel bul- 
lets. This innovation proved so effective that similar 

i helmets have been adopted by Belgians, British, Germans 

;and Italians. 

The grades of the officers and non-commissioned offi- 

icers correspond nearer to those of our own army than 
any other nation, except in grade of Adjutant. In addi- 
tion to the regimental commissioned officer of that rank, 
there is one to each war strength company. He occu- 
pies a position between a commissioned and a non-com- 



5. 


Lieutenant-Colonel. 




Chevrons of colored cloth. 


6. 


Major. 


16. 


First Class Private. Chev- 


7. 


Captain. 




ron of colored cloth. 


8. 


Lieutenant. 


Collar Patches of Branches of 


9. 


Sous Lieutenant. 




Service. 




10. 


Trench Chevrons. Worn hy 
both officers and men on 




Braid and numb 
mental color. 


er of regi- 




the arm above the elbow. 


17. 


Cuirassiers and 


Dragoons. 




One chevron denotes a 


18. 


Hussars and Horse Chas- 




year's service at the front, 




seurs. 






each additional chevron six 


19. 


Infantry. 






months' additional service. 


20. 


Foot Chasseurs. 




11. 


Collar Device of General 


21. 


Artillery. 






Staff. 


22. 


Aviation Corps. 




Chevrons. Worn by non-commis- 


23. 


Zouaves. Wear 


khaki in- 




sioned officers. 




stead of blue. 




12. 


Adjutant. Band of black 
and gold braid. 


24. 


Spahis. Wear 
stead of blue. 


khaki in- 


13. 


Sergeant Major. Chevron 


Arm Devices. 






of gold braid. 


25. 


Aviation Corps. 




14. 


Sergeant, Chevron of gold 


26. 


Pioneer. 






braid. 


27. 


Bandsman. 




15. 


Corpora] or Brigadier. 


28. 


Trumpeter. 





154 



ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 



missioned officer, and performs certain duties and has 
certain privileges that have no exact counterpart in our 
service. 

The French are very proud of their medals and though 
regulations prescribe the wearing of ribbons on the field 
service uniforms, it is not strictly enforced and both offi- 
cers and men are inclined to wear their decorations and 
medals on every occasion and particularly so when away 
on leave. 



Navy 



Naval Bases: 
Toulon. 



Battleships, 30 

Cruisers, 27 

Gunboats, 7 

Destroyers, 87 

Torpedo Boats, 159 
Submarines, 76 

Brest, Cherbourg, Lorient, RochefofF, 



# 



GERMANY 

Army : Estimated number of men under arms, 7,000,- 
000. 

Rifle : Mauser. 

Field Uniform: For many years previous to the pres- 
ent war Germany has been experimenting in field uni- 
forms, the present one of field gray being finally adopted 
about 1906. The entire army was then equipped, but was 
not allowed to use them except by special orders. The 
troops continued to appear for work and ceremonies in 
the distinctive brightly colored and elaborately trimmed 
uniforms so long associated with the German service. 
Field uniforms were kept in storage ready for immediate 
issuance, and in July, 1914, the entire army appeared 
fully equipped for the field within a few weeks. 

The insignia of rank and other designations, as worn 
on the old uniforms, were retained, as well as the various 
types of head-gear, these being rendered less conspic- 
uous by a cover of field gray material. By the end of 

155 



PLATE XXIX. INSIGNIA— GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN 

ARMIES 




Insignia of Rank, Army 



156 



ARMIES AND NAVIES— GERMANY 



157 



1916 these had disappeared and were replaced by field 
gray caps, and for trench work by steel shrapnel helmets. 

The grades of the officers and non-commissioned offi- 
cers compare in a general way to our own service, ex- 
cept the position of Feld Webel. This is a grade be- 
tween an officer and a non-commissioned officer, and he 
has certain duties in an organization which has no coun- 
terpart in our service. 

Except decorations of the highest order, medals and 
decorations are not permitted on the service uniform, the 



German Insignia of Rank. 




Aust] 


dan Insignia of Rank. 




Shoulder Knots for all 


Offi- 




All worn on the collar. 




cers. 






Stars of silver or gold em- 


1. 


Colonel General. 






broidery. 


2. 


General of Infantry, 


Cav- 


15. 


Corps Commander. 




airy, or Artillery. 




16. 


Division General. 


3. 


Lieutenant-General. 




17. 


Brigade General. 


4. 


Major-General. 




18. 


Colonel. 


5. 


Colonel. 




19. 


Lieutenant-Colonel. 


6. 


Lieutenant-Colonel. 




20. 


Major. 


7. 


Major. 




21. 


Captain. 


8. 


Captain. 




22. 


First Lieutenant. 


9. 


First Lieutenant. 




23. 


Second Lieutenant. 


10. 


Second Lieutenant. 




Stan 


) of cotton embroidery. 


Collar Devices. Worn by 


non- 


24. 


Staff Sergeant. 




commissioned oncers. 




25. 


Sergeant. 


11. 


Staff Sergeant (Feldwebel). 


26. 


Corporal. 


12. 


Other Non-commissioned or 


Some 


' special staff departments 




Under-officers. 






wear markings in the form 


13. 


Sleeve Braiding Non- 


■com- 




of an embroidered rose in- 




missioned or Under-officers. 




stead of the star. The mim- 


14. 


Shoulder Piece Bandsman 




ber and the arrangement to 




or Trumpeter. 






show rank are the same. 



158 ARMY AND NA^^^ INFORMATION 

ribbons being substituted. The ribbon of the Iron Cross 
is worn through the button hole on the front of the coat ; 
other ribbons on the left breast. 

Navy 

Battleships, 53 

Cruisers, 49 

Destroyers, 164 

Torpedo Boats, 47 

Submarines, no record. 
Naval Bases: Cuxhaven, Keil, Memel, Osternoor, Wil- 
helmshaven. 



PLATE XXX. UNIFORMS— GERMAN ARMY 




Field Service Uniform, German Army 

1. Infantiy. 3. Officer. 

2. Uhlan. 



159 



GREAT BRITAIN 

Army : Estimated number of men under arms, includ- 
ing colonial troops serving in France, 4,000,000. 

Rife: Lee-Enfield. 

The British Army was the first to adopt a special uni- 
form for service in the field, i}iQ troops in India being so 
equipped as far back as 1880. The color adopted was 
that of Khaki Grass, which covered much of the country 
in which the military operations were then being carried 
on, and this name has spread until it has now become the 
general designation of all materials used in the manu- 
facture of field service uniforms, when of a brown, yellow 
or greenish color. The Boer War in 1900 brought the 
field uniform universally into the British service, both at 
home and abroad for all work, but the distinctive dress 
uniforms (including the historical red coats) were re- 
tained for all ceremonies and formal occasions. 

In general appearance the field uniforms for all 
branches of the service are of the same pattern, except 
the Highland regiments. These have retained their his- 
toric kilts and bonnets, but regimental tartans have been 
discontinued and both are now made of khaki colored 
material. 

160 




PLATE XXXL UNIFORMS— BRITISH ARMY 




Field Service Uniform, British Army 
1. Mounted Officer. 3. Infantry. 



2. Highland Regiments. 



161 



PLATE XXXIL INSIGNIA— BRITISPI ARMY 



J 

i 


^3 


1 




=^5 



13 H 15 16 17 18 19 



^^^ 


^ 


f^ 



20 21 



22 



23 





24 25 




26 




Insignia of Rank and Devices, British Army 

Insignia. Worn on shoulder 2. Lieutenant-General. 

straps. 3. Major-General. 

1. General. 4. Brigadier-General. 



162 



ARMIES AND NAVIES— GREAT BRITAIN 163 

Though the British troops at first sight all have a 
great similarity in appearance, there is no army in the 
world that has so many minor distinctive marks to desig- 
nate branches of the service and organizations. Each 
organization has its own special device, or organization 
crest, generally worn on the cap, and collar or shoulder- 
strap, and any description in detail of these would be 
impossible in this limited space. 



Insignia. Worn by all other on- 
cers on sleeve, except as 
noted under 11 and 12. 

5. Colonel. 

6. Lieutenant-Colonel. 

7. Major. 

8. Captain. 

9. First Lieutenant. 

10. Second Lieutenant. 

11. Shoulder Strap as Worn by 
Officers of the Guards, and 
on All Officers^ Overcoats. 
Rank is shown by the same 
insignia as is worn on cuff. 

12. Cuff as Worn by Officers in 
Scotch Regiments. Rank is 
shou'n by same insignia as 
is worn on other cuffs. 

Chevrons. Worn by non-commis- 
sioned officers. 

13. Staff Sergeant Major. 

14. Regimental Quartermaster 
Sergeant. 



15. Quartermaster Sergeant. 

16. Company, Battery, or Troop 
Sergeant Major. 

17. Color Sergeant. 

18. Sergeant. 

19. Corporal. 

20. Lance Corporal. 

21. Good Conduct Badge. 

22. Signalman. 

Devices of Branches of the Serv- 
ice. 

23. EnHneer. 

24. Artillery. 

25. Machine-gun Corps. 

26. Scout. 

27. Bandsman. 
2S. Bugler. 

29. Flying Corps. 

30. Qualified Pilot, Flying 
Corps. 

31. Army Medical Corps. 

32. Stretcher Bearer. 



164 ARMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Troops from Canada combine the device of a Maple 
Leaf with that of their organization. Australian, New 
Zealand and South African troops wear the soft felt hat, 
instead of the regulation cap, and the native East Indian 
troops can readily be distinguished by their turbans or 
other Oriental headgear. 

The grades of officers and non-commissioned officers 
and their duties correspond in a general way to our 
Army, except the Color Sergeant. In the British service 
the colors of an organization are always carried by a 
junior commissioned officer, and the title Color Sergeant 
is held by a company non-commissioned officer, whose 
duties correspond to those of First Sergeant in our serv- 
ice. No medals or decorations are ever permitted to be 
worn on the service uniforms, but each has its distinctive 
ribbon. The British Army has done so much service in 
the past, for which campaign medals and special decora- 
tions have been issued, that an observer will find a great 
number and variety of these ribbons. The principal one 
issued for service in the present war will be found on 
Plate V. 



Navy 



Battleships, 76 

Cruisers, 134 

Gunboats, 41 

Destroyers, 262 
Torpedo Boats, 100 
Submarines, no record. 



ARMIES AND NAVIES— GREAT BRITAIN 165 

'Naval Bases: In Great Britain: Portsmouth, Dev- 
onsport, Chatham, Sheerness, Rosyth, Queenstown. 

Over Seas: Aden, Bermuda, Calcutta, Ceylon, Gi- 
braltar, Hong Kong, Malta, Singapore, Simonstown 
(Capetown), Sydney (Australia), 



ITALY 

Army : Estimated number of men under arms, 2,000,- 
000. 
Rifle : Mannlicher. 

The field service uniform of Italy first came into gen- 
eral use during the war with Tripoli in 1911. Previous 
to that time several patterns and colors were in use and 
only certain organizations were so uniformed. The pres- 
ent cloth is of a greenish gray in color, and very service- 
able and indistinct in itself, but much of the trimming 
used on the old uniforms has been retained, which does 
not add to its invisibility in the field. The uniforms are 
very loose in cut, without much regard to fit, and hooks 
are almost universally used for fastenings, there being 
no buttons to show. 

The army is equipped with service caps and shrapnel 
helmets, except the Alpine troops and Bersagleri (rifle- 
men), who wear a distinctive headgear which, though it 
promotes great esprit de corps in the organizations, ren- 
ders them more conspicuous in the field. 
Navy 

Battleships, 14 

Cruisers, 22 

Gunboats, 10 

Destroyers, 35 

Torpedo Boats, 86 
Submarines, 25 

Naval Bases: Genoa, Naples, Venice. 

166 



JAPAN 

Army: Estimated under arms, 300,000 men. Peace 
strength only, as the army has not been raised to its war 
numbers. 

Rifle: Ariska Mauser. 

The field service uniform is khaki in color, extremely 
plain in cut and without ornamentation of any kind. In- 
sigTiia of rank, devices of organizations, etc., are of the 
simplest character. 



Navy 



Battleships, 20 

Cruisers, 23 

Gunboats, 4 

Destroyers, 52 

Torpedo Boats, 30 

Submarines, 15 



167 



MONTENEGRO 

Army: Estimated number of men under arms, 50,000. 

Rifle: Eussian Three Line. 

Since the conquering of Montenegro by Austria little 
information is obtainable as to the number and condition 
of the army, which is believed to be somewhere in the 
mountainous regions to the eastward of the capital city 
of Cetinje. 

Previous to the first Balkan war, in 1912, the Monte- 
negrans had no service uniforms; in fact, many of the 
troops were without uniforms at all, performing their 
military service in their native costumes. In preparation 
for service against the Turks, a large part of the army 
was equipped in a field service uniform following the 
Italian in cut, but the Eussian in color, trimmings and 
equipment. The native little round cap w^as retained, 
but of a corresponding color to the rest of the uniform. 

Navy : Montenegro has no navy. 



16S 



PLATE XXXIII. UNIFORMS— PORTUGUESE, MONTE- 
NEGRIN AND JAPANESE ARMIES 




Field Service Uniform, Portuguese, Montenegrin, and Japanese 

Armies 

1. Portuguese Infantry. 3. Japanese Infantry. 

2. Montenegrin Infantry 



169 



PORTUGAL 

Army: Estimated number of men under arms, 150,- 
000. 

Rifle: Mauser Verguerro. 

The field uniform of the Portuguese army is light gray 
in color, following in the clothing of the French pattern, 
while the cap is of a distinctly British type. 



Navy 



Naval Bases. 



Battleships, 1 

Cruisers, 5 

Torpedo Boats, 8 

Destroyers, 3 

Submarines, 3 
Lisbon, Oporto. 



170 



BOUMANIA 

Aemy: Estimated number of men under arms, 500,- 
000. 

Rifle : Mannlicher. 

The field service uniform is khaki in color, but of a 
light shade, almost the same as that of Eussia. All the 
colors of the trimmings, insignia of rank, wearing of 
medals and decorations are retained from the old dis- 
tinctive uniforms. 

Navy 

River Monitors, 4 
Destroyers, 4 

Torpedo Boats, 12 



171 



RUSSIA 

Akmy : Estimated number of men under arms, 7,000,- 
000. 

Bifle: Known as the Three Line. 

The Eussian- Japanese War (1903) brought the field 
service uniform into universal use in the Russian army. 
The color for the uniform is greenish yellow, of a much 
lighter shade than that worn by most armies using the 
so-called khaki. Field overcoats are made of a grayish 
brown material, very rough in texture and extremely 
thick and heavy. Coats and trousers are tight fitting and 
high black boots are universally worn by officers and men 
of all branches of the service. Insignia of rank and in 
some cases trimmings of color have been retained from 
the old distinctive uniforms. All medals and decorations 
are worn on the service uniforms on all occasions. 



172 



PLATE XXXIV. UNIFORMS— SERBIAN, ROUMANIAN, AND 

RUSSIAN ARMIES 




Field Service Uniform, Serbian, Roumanian, and Russian Armies 

1. Serbian Infantry. 3. Russian Infantry. 

2. Ronmanian Infantry. 



173 



PLATE XXXV. INSIGNIA— ITALIAN AND RUSSIAN ARMIES 




"W <^ 




Insignia of Rank and Devices, Army 



174 



ARMIES AND NAVIES— RUSSIA 175 

Navy {Including the Black Sea Fleet) 

Battleships, 17 

Cruisers, 29 

Destroyers (about), 100 
Submarines, no record. 

Naval Bases: Kronstadt, Libau, Reval, Oshakov 
(Odessa), Sebastopol (Crimea), Vladivostok (Siberia). 



Italian Officer's Shoulder Sti 


•aps. 


17. 


1. General. 




18. 


2. Lieutenant-General. 




19. 


3. Major-General. 






4. Colonel. 






5. Lieutenant-Colonel 




20. 


6. Major. 




21. 


7. Captain. 




22. 


8. Lieutenant. 




23. 


9. Under Lieutenant. 




24. 


Enlisted Men, Sleeve Devices 




Enli 


10. Staff Sergeant. 




25. 


11. Sergeant. Braiding 


in 


26. 


white. 




27. 


12. Corporal. Braiding in 


red. 


28. 


Italian Arm Devices. 




29. 


13. Pioneer. 






14. Trumpeter. 






15. Sharpshooter. 




Russ 


Russian Officer's Shoulder Straps. 


30. 


16. General. 




31. 



Lieutenant-General. 
Major-General. 
Colonel. The number desig- 
nates the regiment to which 
the wearer belongs. 
Lieutenant-Colonel. 
Captain. 

Captain on the Staff. 
Over Lieutenant. 
Lieutenant. 

Enlisted Men, Shoulder Straps 

Staff Sergeant (Feldwebel). 
Sergeant Major. 
Sergeant. 
Corporal. 

Sleeve Braiding. Worn by 
all non-commissioned offi- 
cers. 

Russian Arm Devices. 
Signalman. 
Pioneer. 



SERBIA 

Army: Estimated number of men under arms, 300,- 
000. 

Rifle: Mauser. 

The Serbian field service uniform at the beginning of 
the war was on the same lines as that of Austria Hun- 
gary, both in cut and color. In the reorganization of the 
Serbian army, under French and Italian direction, a 
grayish brown colored cloth was adopted and the cut 
more on that of the French, including as a part of the 
equipment the shrapnel helmets. 

Navy : Serbia has no navy. 



176 



TURKEY 

Army : Estimated number of men under arms, 1,000,- 
000. This number seems small, considering the armies 
Turkey has in the field, but was derived from the only 
figures obtainable. 

Bifie : Mauser. 

The Turkish army, being completely under control of 
Germany, has practically followed the German field serv- 
ice uniform exactly, in cut, color, trimmings, etc. The 
only difference was the retaining of the red or black fez 
as a headgear, but this is protected in the field by a cov- 
ering of material the same color as the uniform. Medals 
and decorations of little value are freely given in the 
Turkish service and worn by the recipients at all times. 

Navy 





Battleships, 2 




Cruisers, 2 




Gunboats, 2 




Destroyers, 8 




Torpedo Boats, 9 




Submarines, no record. 


Naval Base: 


Constantinople. 



177 



« 



EXPLANATORY NOTES 

Adjutant 
See French Aemy. 

Admiralty 

Corresponds in England to our Navy Department. 

Alpini 

Italian troops drilled and equipped for Mountain Serv- 
ice. 

Army Service Corps 

The British Army's corresponding organization to our 
Quartermaster Corps. 

Blighty 

A newly coined word (said to be from the Urdu) used 
affectionately by the British soldiers in France to des- 
ignate England. 

Blue Devils 
Popular name given to the French Chasseur d 'Alpine 
on account of the dark blue uniforms worn at the begin- 
ning of the war. 

178 



EXPLANATORY NOTES 179 

Brass Hat 

Slang expression used in the British Service to denote 
a general or staff officer. Derived from the gold braid- 
ing on his cap's visor. 

BOSCHE 

An expression used to designate a German. 
Color Sergeant 
See English Army. 

Chasseur d 'Alpine 
French Troops equipped for mountain service. 

Escadrille 

Section of the French Flying Corps. 

Feld Webel 

See German Army. 

Foreign Legion 

An organization of the French Army in which recruits 
are taken without question of nationality. Previous to 
the present war they were for service in French North 
Africa. Their record has been a brilliant one. 

FUSILEERS 

A name given to some regiments in the English Serv- 
ice for historic reasons only as they conform in organi- 
zation and equipment to the regular infantry. 

Kilometer 

The international measure of length used in Europe. 
It is 936 yards. About 3/5 of a mile. 1,000 meters 
make a kilometer. 

Last Post 

British Bugle call corresponding to our Taps. 



180 AEMY AND NAVY INFORMATION 

Light Infantey 
A historic name retained by some regiments that has 
no significance under the present organization, as they 
conform in every way to other infantry. 

Na Pooh 
A British soldier's pronunciation of the French II n'y 
a plus (It is finished). Used as a slang expression as 
we would say *' Nothing Doing.'' Also to express the 
end of anything as *^ Dinner is Na Pooh," or *^ Ser- 
geant A. got Na Poohed by a shell. ' ' 

Out There 
An expression used in Great Britain in speaking in a 
general way of the theater of war on the continent. 

Oversea Contingents 
Name applied to Colonial troops serving in the British 
Army. 

Rifles 
A name born by certain regiments for historic reasons 
only. It has no significance in the present organiza- 
tion, as they are imiformed and equipped the same as 
other infantry. 

Spahis 
French Algerian Cavalry. 

POILU 

** Hairy," popular name given to a French soldier. 

Tank 

An armed and armored motor car of great power 
driven by caterpillar wheels. 



EXPLANATORY NOTES 181 

Teain 
The French and Belgian organization corresponding 
to the Transportation Department of our Quarter- 
master Corps. 

Tommy 
Popular name given to a British soldier. An abbre- 
viation of Thomas Atkins, which has been applied to 
men in the service for years. 

Wae Office 

Corresponding in England to our War Department. 



FOREIGN MEDALS AND DECORATIONS FOR DISTIN- 
GUISHED SERVICE IN THE PRESENT WAR 

See Plate V 
Victoria Cross 

The highest British Decoration given for signal acts 
of valor performed in the presence of the enemy out- 
side of the regular line of duty. 

War Cross 

British Decoration for specially meritorious work dur- 
ing the present war. 

Distinguished Service Order 

British Decoration for distinguished services per- 
formed by officers. 

Distinguished Service Medal. 

British Decoration for distinguished services per- 
formed by enlisted men. 

Legion of Honor 

French Decoration awarded for distinguished services 
in military and civil life. 

Croix de Guerre 

(War Cross) French Decoration for special meritori- 
ous services in war. Should the recipient receive fur- 
ther honors they are designated by a branch of a palm 
Ijlaced on the ribbon for each additional award. 

182 



FOEEIGN MEDALS— PRESENT WAR 183 

Medalle Militaire 

(Military Medal) Highest French Decoration for dis- 
tinguished military service. 

Medaille Militaire 

(Military Medal.) Italian Decoration for distinguished 
military service. 

Order of Leopold 
Belgian Decoration for distinguished military service. 

Order of Saint George 
Russian Decoration for distinguished military service. 

Iron Cross 

German Decoration awarded for distinguished military 
or civil service. 

Military Cross 
Austrian Decoration for distinguished military service. 



PLATE XXXYI. CONVENTIONAL MAP SIGNS— U. S. AND 

FOREIGN 



T X T T T 



2 



3 4 



•^:::^=i:^ 



1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

9 



¥ & 



I I IH I llI HLn| } |[ [ 



10 



13 



14 



SH 



15 



19 



Ml/ \12/ VU/ 

\:i/ \u/ M^ 

20 



JI—JLJL 

innr 




21 



Wv"^ + + + 
9V9 9 + + 

22 23 



00 o 
O CD O 



24 

2s: 




BUSH. 

CORN, 

CRASS. 



26 



^. 



27 



28 






29 



30 



31 




fel 



32 



33 



34 35 36 37 33 



000 

O O 
000 

39 40 





llllilllillll • ?^ > OOCDO 

42 44 4-6 

^ ^t^««- AAA 000 

41 43 45 47 



Conventional Signs Used on Military Maps, United States, and 

Foreign 

1. Telegraph Lines. 4. Boundary Lines, German, 

2. Boundary Lines, American. 5. Good Road. 

3. Boundary Lines, French. 6. Unimproved Road. 

184 



CONVENTIONAL MAP SIGNS 

Though this is hardly the place to take up the subject 
of map reading, a few of the conventional signs used on 
military maps may be of use to the reader in giving him 
a better understanding of the maps published of the bat- 
tles and countries in which the various armies are oper- 
ating. 



7. 


Trail or Path. 


8. 


Railroad Tunnel. 


9. 


Single Track Railroad. 


10. 


Double Track Railroad. 


11. 

V2. 


Switch or Siding. 
Railroad Cut. 


13. 


Windmill. 


14. 


Lighthouse. 


15. 


Schoolhouse. 


16. 


Church with Tower. 


17. 


Church. 


18. 


Building. Size indicated hy 


19. 


size of sign. 
Thick Woods. 


20. 


Marsh. 


21. 


Town or City. Size indi- 


22. 


cated hy size of sign. 
Detached Trees, 


23. 

24. 


Cemetery. 
Orchard. 


25. 


River or Stream. 




A. Ferry. 

B. Ford for Foot Travelers. 




C. Bridge. 

D. Ford for Vehicles. 




E. Pontoon Bridge. 



26. 


Indicating Growth on 




Ground. 


27. 


Canal. 




A. Lock. 




.... Towpath. 


28. 


Aqueduct. 


29. 


Bridge Over Railroad. 


30. 


Tunnel Under Railroad. 


31. 


Railroad Grade Crossing. 


32. 


Infantry. 


33. 


Cavalry. 


34. 


Infantry Sentinel or Outpost. 


35. 


Headquarters. 


36. 


Cavalry Vidette. 


37. 


Batteiy of Artillery. 


38. 


Gun in Fortified Position. 


39. 


Military Pits. 


40. 


Obstacles. 


41. 


Demolitions. 


42. 


Trenches. 


43. 


Barbed Wire. 


44. 


Plain Wire. 


45. 


Fence, Wood. 


46. 


Stone Wall. 


47. 


Hedge. 



185 



TABLE OF FOREIGN MONEY 

Giving Approximate Values in American Money 

Austria 
Heller, 1/5 of a cent. 
Krone (100 Heller), 20 cents. 

Belgium 

Centime, 1/5 of a cent. 

Franc (100 centimes), 20 cents. 

England 

Penny, 2 cents. 

Shilling (12 pence), 24 cents. 

Pound (20 shillings), $4.80. 

France 

Centime, 1/5 of a cent. 

Franc (100 centimes), 20 cents. 

Germany 
Pfennig, Vi of ^ cent. 
Mark (100 pfennig), 25 cents. 

Italy 

Centisimi, 1/5 of a cent. 
Lira, 100 centisimi, 20 cents. 

Russia 

Kopeck, 1/^ a cent. 

Ruble (100 kopeck), 50 cents. 

180 



APPENDIX A 

On July 5, 1917, the President accepted the co-operation and assistance of 
the American National Red Cross with the land and naval forces of the 
United States. To facilitate the discharge of their authorized functions, 
duly qualified members are recognized by titles with assimilated rank. 

These commissions confer no military authority or obligation attached to 
the rank, nor the right to any pay or allowances in the Army or Navy. 
When actually serving with troops in the field the insignia of rank may be 
worn on the prescribed uniform. 

The following is the relative rank: 

Chairman, Central Committee & War Council Major-General 

Vice-Chairman, Central Committee I-r'/i' r 

Member of War Council / ^ 

Director General Colonel 

Assistant Director General Lieutenant* Colonel 

Director Major 

f Captain 
Assistant Director \ or 

I First Lieutenant 

Secretary Sergeant Major 

Hospital Sergeants, Corporals & Privates take the same grade as 
prescribed in army. 

APPENDIX B 

In accordance with an order issued by the War Department on July 18, 
1917, the army was divided into three parts, known as the Regular Army, 
National Guard, and National Army. 

The Regiments, Brigades, and Divisions of these three groups were num- 
bered in separate series and the first numbers in each series were as 
indicated in the following list: 

187 



188 APPENDICES 

Regiments 

Regular Army, begin with No. 1 
National Guard, begin with No. 101 
National Army, begin with No. 301 

Brigades 

Regular Army, begin with No. 1 
National Guard, begin with No. 51 
National Army, begin with No. 151 

Divisions 

Regular Army, begin with No. 1 
National Guard, begin with No. 26 
National Army, begin with No. 76 

It is therefore possible on seeing the number to place at once in what 
group the organization belongs. 

There will be no State designations on the uniform of the National Guard 
or National Army, all markings on uniform and equipment being as pre- 
scribed for the Regular Army. Special or State designations will not be 
used in orders, despatches, or correspondence. For the purpose of local 
identification and to preserve tradition and local pride, when the number 
of a State organization is used in other papers than those mentioned above 
its number may be followed by its special designation in parentheses. Thus 
after the mention of a National Guard organization its number in the state 
service may appear, as for example: 131st Infantry (1st N. Y.) or 206th 
Artillery (2nd Pa.). The National Army may show in the same manner 
the State from which each organization, or the bulk of it, comes, as: 321st 
Infantry (S. C.) or 360th Cavalry (111.). 

APPENDIX C 

On August 8, 1917, the War Department announced the changes noted 
below in the formation of an Infantry Division. These supercede the for- 
mation given on Page 16. 

Division Headquarters — Unchanged. 

1 Division Machine Gun Battalion — New. 

2 Brigades of Infantry — Each composed of 3 Regiments and 1 Machine 

Gun Battalion. This instead of 3 Brigades of 3 Regiments only. 

4 Field Hospitals — Instead of two. 

There is no Cavalry, and in the Signal Battalion there is no Aero Com- 
pany, nor is there a Pontoon Company with the Engineers. 



INDEX 



Abbreviations 80 

Adjutant 4 

Adjutant General 1 

Adjutant General Department 

Army 1 

Adjutant General Department 

Marine Corps 130 

Airplane 65 

Airship 65 

Ambulance Company 10 

Ammunition Train 11 

Annapolis 102 

Aero Squadron 14 

Armament Army 39 

Armament Navy 104 

Armored Cruisers 105 

Army 22 

Army Slang 84 

Austria Hungary 142 

Aviation 42 

Aviation Schools ". 38 

Band Section 6 

Barracks 65 

Battalion Coast Artillery 12 

Battalion of Engineers 14 

Battalion Field Artillery 12 

Battalion Infantry 12 

Battalion Parade 65 

Battalion Signal Corps 14 

Battery Field Artillery 7 

Battleships 104-121 

Belgium 147 

Billets 65 

Bivouacs 65 

Bombs 66 

Brigade 16 

Baker's School 38 

Bugle Calls 66 

Bulgaria 149 



Camps 66 

Cantonments 66 

Cavalry Division 18 

Cavalry School 37 

Cavalry Troop . 7 

Cavalry Regiment 15 

Cavalry Squadron 12 

Chevrons and Devices Army. . . 52 

Coast Artillery Company 7 

Coast Artillery Corps 2 

Coast Artillery School 37 

Coast Defense Artillery 40 

Coast Defense Reserve 96 

Colors 66 

Commissioned Officers 67 

Construction and Repairs Bu- 
reau of Navy 88 

Cooks School 38 

Crews 102 

Cruisers 105-121 

Dental Corps 3 

Destroyers ". 105-121 

Devices 67 

Division Ammunition Train. ... 20 

Division Army 16 

Division Navy 121 

Division Supply Train 19 

Enfield Rifle 41-56 

Engineer Battalion 14 

Engineer Company Pontoon .... 8 

Engineer Company Pioneer. ... 7 

Engineer Corps 2 

Engineering Field Service 

School 38 

Engineer Officer Navy 91 

Engineer Regiment 15 

Engineering School 37 

Enlistment Army 36 

Enlistment Marine Corps 132 

ISO 



190 



INDEX 



Enlistment National Guard .... 59 

Enlistment Navy 100 

Enlistment Naval Militia 119 

Escort to the Colors 67 

Executive Ofl&cer Navy 90 

Explanatory Notes Army 65 

Explanatory Notes Foreign. . . . 178 

Explanatory Notes Navy 121 

Field Artillery 39 

Field Artillery Battalion 12 

Field Artillery Battery 7 

Field Artillery Eegiment 15 

Field Artillery School 37 

Field Artillery School of Fire. . 38 

Field Army 20 

Field Bakery 12-67 

Field Equipment 60 

Field Hospital 18 

Field Officer 67 

First Aid Packet 68 

First Lieutenant Navy 90 

Flags Army ii 

Flag Lieutenant Navy 122 

i'lags Navy vi 

Flag Officer 122 

Fleet 122 

Flotilla 122 

Foreign Armies and Navies. . . . 141 

Foreign Medals and Decorations 182 

Foreign Money 186 

France 150 

Funeral Escort 68 

Furloughs 68 

General Officer 69 

General Staff Corps 1 

Germany 155 

Guard Mounting 69 

Great Britain 160 

Gun Boats 105 

Hand Grenades 66 

Headquarters Company 4 

Heavy Artillery 39 

Horse Artillery 39 

Hydro-aeroplanes 122 

Hydroplane 122 

Hydrographic Office Navy 88 

Incinerator 69 



Identification Tag 69 

Infantry Battalion 12 

Infantry Company 4 

Infantry Eegiment 14 

Infantry School 38 

Insignia Devices and Medals, 

Foreign x 

Insignia of Rank, Army 

iv, 26-28, 52-70 
Insignia of Rank, Austria Hun- 
gary 156 

Insignia of Rank, Belgium. . . . 146 

Insignia of Rank, France 152 

Insignia of Rank, Germany. . . . 156 
Insignia of Rank, Great Britain 162 

Insignia of Rank, Italy 174 

Insignia of Rank, Marine Corps 

yiii, 112 
Insignia of Rank, Navy viii, 110-112 

Insignia of Rank, Russia 174 

Inspection 70 

Inspector General's Department 

Army 2 

Inspector General's Department 

Marine Corps 130 

Inspection of Quarters 70 

Instruction Army 37 

Instruction Navy 102 

Insular Affairs, Bureau of 3 

Italy 166 

Japan 167 

Judge Advocate Department 

Army 2 

Leaves and Furloughs 70 

Light Artillery 39 

Line Officers 70 

Machine Guns 40 

Machine Gun Company 6 

Map Signs 184 

Marine Corps 127 

Marine Officer 92 

Marksmen 's Decorations 56 

Medals and Ribbons xii 

Medical Corps 3 

Medical Department 3 

Medical Field Service School. . . 38 
Medical School 37 



INDEX 



191 



Medical Officers Navy 92 

Medicine and Surgery, Bureau 

of 88 

Military Police 10-70 

Military Post 70 

Militia Affairs Bureau of Army 3 

Militia Affairs Bureau of Navy 88 

Mines 71 

Mine Layers 71 

Monitors 105 

Montenegro 168 

Mother Ship 122 

Mountain Artillery 39 

Musketry School 38 

Muster 71 

National Anthem 71 

National Guard 59 

Naval Militia 118 

Naval Service 98 

Naval Operations, Bureau of.. 87 

Navigator 90 

Navigation, Bureau of 87 

Non-commissioned Officers .... 72 

Nurses' Corps 137 

Officer of the Day 72 

Officer of the Deck 122 

Office of the Judge Advocate 

Navy 87 

Officers' Reserve Corps, Army. . 34 

Officers ' Reserve Corps, Navy . . 99 

Ordnance, Bureau of Navy. ... 88 

Ordnance Department, Army. . 2 

Ordnance School 38 

Ordnance Officer, Navy 90 

Organization Army 1 

Organization Marine Corps.... 129 

Organization Navy 87 

Organization of a Ship 89 

Pay Army 44 

Pay Aviation Corps 43 

Pay Department Marine Corps. 130 

Pay Marine Corps 133 

Pay National Guard 59 

Pay Naval Militia 118 

Pay Navy 107 

Pay Officer Navy 91 

Pioneer Company 7 

Pistols 41-56 



Platoon 4 

Police 72 

Poncho 72 

Pontoon Bridge 73 

Pontoon Company 8 

Post Exchange 73 

Portugal 170 

Provost Marshal 73 

Quartermaster Corps Army .... 2 

Quarterdeck 123 

Quartermaster's Department 

Marine Corps . . . .- 130 

Rations 73 

Regiment Cavalry 15 

Regiment Coast Artillery 15 

Regimental Detachment Medical 

Corps 15 

Regiment Engineers 15 

Regiment Field Artillery 15 

Regiment of Infantry 14 

Regimental Parade 76 

Relative Rank Army 75 

Relative Rank Navy 123 

Reserve Fleet 96 

Retirement Enlisted Men Army 36 
Retirement of Enlisted Men Ma- 
rine Corps 132 

Retirement of Enlisted Men 

Navy 100 

Retirement of Officers Army.. 35 

Retirement of Officers Navy 99 

Retirement of Officers Marine 

Corps 132 

Review 76 

Rifle 40-56 

Roumania 171 

Russia 172 

Salutes Army 76 

Salutes by Guard 77 

Salutes Navy 123 

Scout 77 

Selective Draft 30 

Serbia .^ 176 

Service Army 33 

Service Marine Corps 132 

Service National Guard 61 

Service Naval Militia 119 

Service Navy 98 



192 



INDEX 



Ships Authorized 96 

Ships in Commission 94 

Ships in Commission in Eeserve 95 

Ships out of Commission 95 

Ships under Construction.... 96 

Signals Army 77 

Signal Corps 3 

Signal Corps Aero Company... 10 
Signal Corps Aviation School . . 38 
Signal Corps Field Company. . . 8 
Signal Corps Kadio Company. . 8 
Signal Corps Telegraph and 

Telephone Company 10 

Signal Corps Wire Company. . . 8 

Signa,ls Navy 123 

Signal School 38 

Slicker 78 

Special Customs Navy 125 

Special Service Vessels 106 

Springfield Eifle 40-56 

Squad 3 

Squadron Cavalry 12 

Staff College 37 

Staff Officer 78 

Standards 79 

Steam Engineering, Bureau of 

Navy 88 

Strength Army 23 

Strength Marine Corps 132 

Strength National Guard 62 

Strength Naval Militia 119 

Strength Navy 94 

Submarines 106-124 

Summary Court 78 



Supply and Accounts, Bureau 

of Navy 88 

Supply Company 6 

Tents 79 

Torpedo Boats 105-126 

Train Navy 126 

Training Camps 58 

Turkey 177 

Uniforms Army 5, 9-13, 17, 21 

Uniform Austria Hungary .... 143 

Uniforms Belgium 145 

Uniform Bulgaria 1 43 

Uniforms France 151 

Uniforms Great Britain 161 

Uniforms Germany 159 

Uniform Italy 145 

Uniform Japan 169 

Uniforms Marine Corps. .. .131-135 

Uniform Montenegro 169 

Uniforms Navy 93, 97-101 

Uniform Portugal 169 

Uniform Koumania 173 

Uniform Eussia 173 

Uniform Serbia 173 

Uniform Turkey 143 

Uniforms and Equipment Army 49 
Uniforms and Equipment, Ma- 
rine Corps 136 

Uniforms and Equipment, Navy 115 

War College Army 37 

War College Navy 102 

Watches 126 

West Point 37 

Yards and Docks, Bureau of.. 88 






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